Energetic High-Nitrogen Compounds: 5‑(Trinitromethyl)‑2<i>H</i>‑tetrazole and -tetrazolates, Preparation, Characterization, and Conversion into 5‑(Dinitromethyl)tetrazoles

Abstract

A convenient access to 5-(trinitromethyl)-2<i>H</i>-tetrazole (HTNTz) has been developed, based on the exhaustive nitration of 1<i>H</i>-tetrazole-5-acetic acid, which was prepared from ethyl cyanoacetate and HN₃ in a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction, followed by basic hydrolysis. HTNTz was converted into the ammonium, guanidinium, rubidium, cesium, copper, and silver 5-(trinitromethyl)-2<i>H</i>-tetrazolates. In addition, the ammonia adducts of the copper and silver salts were isolated. The reaction of HTNTz with hydrazine and hydroxylamine resulted in the formation of hydrazinium 5-(dinitromethyl)­tetrazolate and hydroxylammonium 5-(dinitromethyl)-1<i>H</i>-tetrazolate, respectively. Acid treatment of both 5-(dinitromethyl)­tetrazolates resulted in the isolation of 5-(dinitromethylene)-4,5-dihydro-1<i>H</i>-tetrazole, which was converted into potassium 5-(dinitromethyl)-1<i>H</i>-tetrazolate by reaction with K₂CO₃. All prepared compounds were fully characterized by ¹H, ¹³C, ¹⁴N, and ¹⁵N NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystal structure determination. Initial safety testing (impact, friction, and electrostatic sensitivity) and thermal stability measurements (differential thermal analysis, DTA) were also carried out. The 5-(trinitromethyl) and 5-(dinitromethyl)­tetrazoles are highly energetic materials that explode upon impact or heating