2‑Hydroxyisoquinoline-1,3(2<i>H</i>,4<i>H</i>)‑diones (HIDs), Novel Inhibitors of HIV Integrase with a High Barrier to Resistance

Abstract

Clinical HIV-1 integrase (IN) strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) potently inhibit viral replication with a dramatic drop in viral load. However, the emergence of resistance to these drugs underscores the need to develop next-generation IN catalytic site inhibitors with improved resistance profiles. Here, we present a novel candidate IN inhibitor, MB-76, a 2-hydroxyisoquinoline-1,3­(2<i>H</i>,4<i>H</i>)-dione (HID) derivative. MB-76 potently blocks HIV integration and is active against a panel of wild-type as well as raltegravir-resistant HIV-1 variants. The lack of cross-resistance with other INSTIs and the absence of resistance selection in cell culture indicate the potential of HID derivatives compared to previous INSTIs. A crystal structure of MB-76 bound to the wild-type prototype foamy virus intasome reveals an overall binding mode similar to that of INSTIs. Its compact scaffold displays all three Mg²⁺ chelating oxygen atoms from a single ring, ensuring that the only direct contacts with IN are the invariant P214 and Q215 residues of PFV IN (P145 and Q146 for HIV-1 IN, respectively), which may partially explain the difficulty of selecting replicating resistant variants. Moreover, the extended, dolutegravir-like linker connecting the MB-76 metal chelating core and <i>p</i>-fluorobenzyl group can provide additional flexibility in the perturbed active sites of raltegravir-resistant INs. The compound identified represents a potential candidate for further (pre)­clinical development as next-generation HIV IN catalytic site inhibitor