Photochromic Molecular Gyroscope
with Solid State
Rotational States Determined by an Azobenzene Bridge
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Abstract
We describe the synthesis, characterization,
photochemical isomerization,
and rotational dynamics of a crystalline molecular gyroscope containing
an azobenzene bridge (<i>trans</i>-<b>2</b>) that
spans from one end of the stator to other, with the intention of exploring
its function as a molecular brake. While single crystal X-ray diffraction
analysis of a photochemically inactive dichloromethane solvate was
used to confirm the molecular and packing structures of <i>trans</i>-<b>2</b>, a nanocrystalline pseudopolymorph was shown to be
photoactive, and it was analyzed by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD),
scanning electron microscopy, and variable temperature solid state <sup>2</sup>H NMR before and after photoisomerization. It was shown that
the nanocrystalline suspension irradiated with λ = 340 nm reaches
a photostationary state with 34% of <i>cis</i>-isomer, as
compared to that observed in solution where the corresponding value
is 74%. Line shape analysis of solid state <sup>2</sup>H NMR spectra
of a phenylene-<i>d</i><sub><i>4</i></sub> isotopologue,
obtained as a function of temperature, indicated that rotation in
crystals of the <i>trans-</i><b>2</b> isomer, with
a mean activation energy of 4.6 ± 0.6 kcal/mol and a pre-exponential
factor exp(29.4 ± 1.7), is ten times faster than that of samples
containing the <i>cis-</i><b>2</b> isomer, which has
a higher mean activation energy of 5.1 ± 0.6 kcal/mol and a lower
pre-exponential factor of exp(27.9 ± 1.3)