Testing
Noncollinear Spin-Flip, Collinear Spin-Flip,
and Conventional Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory for Predicting
Electronic Excitation Energies of Closed-Shell Atoms
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Abstract
Conventional time-dependent density
functional theory (TDDFT) is
based on a closed-shell Kohn–Sham (KS) singlet ground state
with the adiabatic approximation, using either linear response (KS-LR)
or the Tamm–Dancoff approximation (KS-TDA); these methods can
only directly predict singly excited states. This deficiency can be
overcome by using a triplet state as the reference in the KS-TDA approximation
and “exciting” the singlet by a spin flip (SF) from
the triplet; this is the method suggested by Krylov and co-workers,
and we abbreviate this procedure as SF-KS-TDA. SF-KS-TDA can be applied
either with the original collinear kernel of Krylov and co-workers
or with a noncollinear kernel, as suggested by Wang and Ziegler. The
SF-KS-TDA method does bring some new practical difficulties into play,
but it can at least formally model doubly excited states and states
with double-excitation character, so it might be more useful than
conventional TDDFT (both KS-LR and KS-TDA) for photochemistry if these
additional difficulties can be surmounted and if it is accurate with
existing approximate exchange–correlation functionals. In the
present work, we carried out calculations specifically designed to
understand better the accuracy and limitations of the conventional
TDDFT and SF-KS-TDA methods; we did this by studying closed-shell
atoms and closed-shell monatomic cations because they provide a simple
but challenging testing ground for what we might expect in studying
the photochemistry of molecules with closed-shell ground states. To
test their accuracy, we applied conventional KS-LR and KS-TDA and
18 versions of SF-KS-TDA (nine collinear and nine noncollinear) to
the same set of vertical excitation energies (including both Rydberg
and valence excitations) of Be, B<sup>+</sup>, Ne, Na<sup>+</sup>,
Mg, and Al<sup>+</sup>. We did this for 10 exchange–correlation
functionals of various types, both local and nonlocal. We found that
the GVWN5 and M06 functionals with nonlocal kernels in spin-flip calculations
can both have accuracy competitive to CASPT2 calculations. When the
results were averaged over all 36 test energy differences, seven (GVWN5,
M06, B3PW91, LRC-ωPBE, LRC-ωPBEh, PBE, and M06-2X) of
the 10 studied density functionals had smaller mean unsigned errors
for noncollinear calculations than the mean unsigned error of the
best functional (M06-2X) for either conventional KS-TDA or KS-LR