Porphodilactones as Synthetic Chlorophylls: Relative Orientation of β‑Substituents on a Pyrrolic Ring Tunes NIR Absorption

Abstract

Porphodilactones represent the porphyrin analogues, in which the peripheral bonds of two pyrrole rings are replaced by lactone moieties. They provide an opportunity to investigate how β-substituent orientation of porphyrinoids modulates the electronic structures and optical properties, in a manner similar to what is observed with naturally occurring chlorophylls. In this work, a comprehensive description of the synthesis, characterization, and optical properties of <i>meso</i>-tetrakispentafluorophenylporphodilactone isomers is first reported. The β-dilactone moieties are found to lie at opposite pyrrole positions (<i>trans</i>- and <i>cis</i>-configurations are defined by the relative orientations of the carbonyl group when one lactone moiety is fixed), in accordance with earlier computational predictions (Gouterman, M. <i>J. Am. Chem. Soc.</i> <b>1989</b>, <i>111</i>, 3702). The relative orientation of the β-dilactone moieties has a significant influence on the electronic structures and photophysical properties. For example, the Q_<i>y</i> band of <i>trans</i>-porphodilactone is red-shifted by 19 nm relative to that of the <i>cis</i>-isomer, and there is a 2-fold increase in the absorption intensity, which resembles the similar trends that have been reported for natural chlorophyll <i>f</i> and <i>d</i>. An in depth analysis of magnetic circular dichroism spectral data and TD-DFT calculations at the B3LYP/6-31G­(d) level of theory demonstrates that the <i>trans</i>- and <i>cis</i>-orientations of the dilactone moieties have a significant effect on the relative energies of the frontier π-molecular orbitals. Importantly, the biological behaviors of the isomers reveal their different photocytotoxicity in NIR region (>650 nm). The influence of the relative orientation of the β-substituents on the optical properties in this context provides new insights into the electronic structures of porphyrinoids which could prove useful during the development of near-infrared absorbing photosensitizers