Simultaneous and Spectroscopic Redox Molecular Imaging
of Multiple Free Radical Intermediates Using Dynamic Nuclear Polarization-Magnetic
Resonance Imaging
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Abstract
Redox reactions that generate free
radical intermediates are essential
to metabolic processes. However, their intermediates can produce reactive
oxygen species, which may promote diseases related to oxidative stress.
We report here the use of dynamic nuclear polarization-magnetic resonance
imaging (DNP-MRI) to conduct redox molecular imaging. Using DNP-MRI,
we obtained simultaneous images of free radical intermediates generated
from the coenzyme Q<sub>10</sub> (CoQ<sub>10</sub>), flavin mononucleotide
(FMN), and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) involved in the mitochondrial
electron transport chain as well as the radicals derived from vitamins
E and K<sub>1</sub>. Each of these free radicals was imaged in real
time in a phantom comprising a mixture of free radicals localized
in either lipophilic or aqueous environments. Changing the frequency
of electron spin resonance (ESR) irradiation also allowed each of
the radical species to be distinguished in the spectroscopic images.
This study is the first to report the spectroscopic DNP-MRI imaging
of free radical intermediates that are derived from endogenous species
involved in metabolic processes