Pyrene Schiff Base: Photophysics, Aggregation Induced Emission, and Antimicrobial Properties

Abstract

Pyrene containing Schiff base molecule, namely 4-[(pyren-1-ylmethylene)­amino]­phenol (KB-1), was successfully synthesized and well characterized by using ¹H, ¹³C NMR, FT-IR, and EI-MS spectrometry. UV–visible absorption, steady-state fluorescence, time-resolved fluorescence, and transient absorption spectroscopic techniques have been employed to elucidate the photophysical processes of KB-1. It has been demonstrated that the absorption characteristics of KB-1 have been bathochromatically tuned to the visible region by extending the π-conjugation. The extended π-conjugation is evidently confirmed by DFT calculations and reveals that π→π* transition is the major factor responsible for electronic absorption of KB-1. The photophysical property of KB-1 was carefully examined in different organic solvents at different concentrations and the results show that the fluorescence of this molecule is completely quenched due to photoinduced electron transfer. Intriguingly, the fluorescence intensity of KB-1 increases enormously by the gradual addition of water up to 90% with concomitant increase in fluorescence lifetime. This clearly signifies that this molecule has aggregation-induced emission (AIE) property. The mechanism of AIE of this molecule is suppression of photoinduced electron transfer (PET) due to hydrogen bonding interaction of imine donor with water. A direct evidence of PET process has been presented by using nanosecond transient absorption measurements. Further, KB-1 was successfully used for antimicrobial and bioimaging studies. The antimicrobial studies were carried out through disc diffusion method. KB-1 is used against both Gram-positive (<i>Rhodococcus rhodochrous</i> and <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>) and Gram-negative (<i>Escherichia coli</i> and <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>) bacterial species and also fungal species (<i>Candida albicans</i>). The result shows KB-1 can act as an excellent antimicrobial agent and as a photolabeling agent. <i>S. aureus</i>, <i>P. aeruginosa</i>, and <i>C. albicans</i> were found to be the most susceptible microorganisms at 1 mM concentration among the bacteria used in the present investigation