<p>(A) Heterologous expression of the venom allergen-like protein Gr-VAP1 from <i>G. rostochiensis</i>, and Hs-VAP1 and Hs-VAP2 from <i>Heterodera schachtii</i> in the apoplast of transgenic Arabidopsis lines enhances their susceptibility to <i>H. schachtii</i>. Two independent transgenic lines per construct (-A and -B) were compared with corresponding transgenic line harboring the T-DNA of the empty vector (EV) and wild type <i>A. thaliana</i> (Col-0). Bars represent mean number of nematodes per plants with standard errors of the means. Letters indicate statistical significance when using <i>P</i>-value <0.05 as threshold. (B) Ectopic Hs-VAP1 and Hs-VAP2 enhance development of disease symptoms of fungal and oomycete pathogens in leaves of transgenic Arabidopsis lines. Pictures show symptoms on leaves inoculated with <i>Botrytis cinerea</i>, <i>Plectosphaerella cucumeria</i>, and two isolates of <i>Phytophthora brassicae</i>, or mock inoculated. (C) Ectopic Hs-VAP1 and Hs-VAP2 suppress seedling growth response of Arabidopsis to the immunogenic peptide flg22. Bars represent mean root length of transgenic lines with standard error of mean after 10 days in the presence or absence of 10 µM flg22.</p
