In Situ Bioconjugation and Ambient Surface Modification Using Reactive
Charged Droplets
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Abstract
Molecular ions are generated in induced
electrospray ionization,
and they can be transported to grounded ambient surfaces in the form
of charged microdroplets. Efficient amide bonds formation between
amines and carboxylic acids were observed inside charged droplets
during transfer to the surface. Biomolecules derivatized using this
method were self-assembled on a bare gold surface via Au–S
bonds under the charged microdroplet environment. Cyclic voltammetric
analysis of the self-assembled molecular film showed accelerated protein
derivatization with cysteine, which allowed the covalent immobilization
of the protein to the gold surface. Cytochrome C-functionalized electrodes
prepared using the induced dual nanoelectrospray process showed bioactivity
toward aqueous solutions of hydrogen peroxide below 50 μM. In
effect, we have developed a method that allows derivatization of biomolecules
and their immobilization at ambient surfaces in a single experimental
step