Simultaneous Determination of Creatinine and Creatine in Human Serum by Double-Spike Isotope Dilution Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)

Abstract

This work describes the first multiple spiking isotope dilution procedure for organic compounds using ¹³C labeling. A double-spiking isotope dilution method capable of correcting and quantifying the creatine–creatinine interconversion occurring during the analytical determination of both compounds in human serum is presented. The determination of serum creatinine may be affected by the interconversion between creatine and creatinine during sample preparation or by inefficient chemical separation of those compounds by solid phase extraction (SPE). The methodology is based on the use differently labeled ¹³C analogues (¹³C₁-creatinine and ¹³C₂-creatine), the measurement of the isotopic distribution of creatine and creatinine by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and the application of multiple linear regression. Five different lyophilized serum-based controls and two certified human serum reference materials (ERM-DA252a and ERM-DA253a) were analyzed to evaluate the accuracy and precision of the proposed double-spike LC-MS/MS method. The methodology was applied to study the creatine–creatinine interconversion during LC-MS/MS and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses and the separation efficiency of the SPE step required in the traditional gas chromatography–isotope dilution mass spectrometry (GC-IDMS) reference methods employed for the determination of serum creatinine. The analysis of real serum samples by GC-MS showed that creatine–creatinine separation by SPE can be a nonquantitative step that may induce creatinine overestimations up to 28% in samples containing high amounts of creatine. Also, a detectable conversion of creatine into creatinine was observed during sample preparation for LC-MS/MS. The developed double-spike LC-MS/MS improves the current state of the art for the determination of creatinine in human serum by isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS), because corrections are made for all the possible errors derived from the sample preparation step