Molecular Diagnosis of Fragile X Syndrome in Subjects with Intellectual Disability of Unknown Origin: Implications of Its Prevalence in Regional Pakistan

Abstract

<div><p>Fragile-X syndrome (FXS) is the most common form of inherited intellectual disability (ID) and affects 0.7–3.0% of intellectually compromised population of unknown etiology worldwide. It is mostly caused by repeat expansion mutations in the <i>FMR1</i> at chromosome Xq27.3. The present study aimed to develop molecular diagnostic tools for a better detection of FXS, to assess implementation of diagnostic protocols in a developing country and to estimate the prevalence of FXS in a cohort of intellectually disabled subjects from Pakistan. From a large pool of individuals with below normal IQ range, 395 subjects with intellectual disability of unknown etiology belonging to different regions of the country were recruited. Conventional-PCR, modified-PCR and Southern blot analysis methods were employed for the detection of CGG repeat polymorphisms in the <i>FMR1</i> gene. Initial screening with conventional-PCR identified 13 suspected patients. Subsequent investigations through modified PCR and Southern blot analyses confirmed the presence of the <i>FMR1</i> mutation, suggesting a prevalence of 3.5% and 2.8% (mean 3.3%) among the male and female ID patients, respectively. These diagnostic methods were further customized with the in-house conditions to offer robust screening of referral patients/families for diagnostics and genetic counseling. Prescreening and early diagnosis are crucial for designing a prudent strategy for the management of subjects with ID. Outcome of the study recommends health practitioners for implementation of molecular based FXS diagnosis in routine clinical practice to give a better care for patients similar to the ones included in the study.</p></div