High-Level Doping of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur
into Activated Carbon Monoliths and Their Electrochemical Capacitances
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Abstract
The
present report demonstrates a new technique for doping heteroatoms
(nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur) into carbon materials via a versatile
post-treatment. The heat-treatment of carbon materials with a reagent,
which is stable at ambient temperatures and evolves reactive gases
on heating, in a vacuum-closed tube allows the introduction of various
heteroatom-containing functional groups into a carbon matrix. In addition,
the sequential doping reactions give rise to dual- and triple-heteroatom-doped
carbons. The pore properties of the precursor carbon materials are
preserved through each heteroatom doping process, which indicates
that independent tuning of heteroatom doping and nanostructural morphology
can be achieved in various carbon materials. The electrochemical investigation
on the undoped and doped carbon monolithic electrodes applied to supercapacitors
provides insights into the effects of heteroatom doping on electrochemical
capacitance