Studies on the Formation of Maillard and Caramelization Products from Glucosamine Incubated at 37 °C

Abstract

This experiment compared the in vitro degradation of glucosamine (GlcN), <i>N</i>-acetylglucosamine, and glucose in the presence of NH₃ incubated at 37 °C in phosphate buffer from 0.5 to 12 days. The reactions were monitored with UV–vis absorption and fluorescence emission spectroscopies, and the main products of degradation, quinoxaline derivatives of α-dicarbonyl compounds and condensation products, were determined using UHPLC-UV and Orbitrap mass spectrometry. GlcN produced two major dicarbonyl compounds, glucosone and 3-deoxyglucosone, ranging from 709 to 3245 mg/kg GlcN and from 272 to 4535 mg/kg GlcN, respectively. 3,4-Dideoxyglucosone-3-ene, glyoxal, hydroxypyruvaldehyde, methylglyoxal, and diacetyl were also detected in lower amounts compared to glucosone and 3-deoxyglucosone. Several pyrazine condensation products resulting from the reaction between dicarbonyls and GlcN were also identified. This study determined that GlcN is a significantly unstable molecule producing a high level of degradation products at 37 °C