Design of Fe₃O₄@SiO₂@Carbon Quantum Dot Based Nanostructure for Fluorescence Sensing, Magnetic Separation, and Live Cell Imaging of Fluoride Ion

Abstract

A robust reusable fluoride sensor comprised of a receptor in charge of the chemical recognition and a fluorophore responsible for signal recognition has been designed. Highly fluorescent carbon quantum dot (CD) and magnetically separable nickel ethylene­diamine­tetraacetic acid (EDTA) complex bound-silica coated magnetite nanoparticle (Fe₃O₄@SiO₂–EDTA–Ni) have been used as fluorophore and fluoride ion receptor, respectively. The assay is based on the exchange reaction between the CD and F^–, which persuades the binding of fluoride to magnetic receptor. This method is highly sensitive, fast, and selective for fluoride ion in aqueous solution. The linear response range of fluoride (<i>R</i>² = 0.992) was found to be 1–20 μM with a minimum detection limit of 0.06 μM. Excellent magnetic property and superparamagnetic nature of the receptor are advantageous for the removal and well quantification of fluoride ion. The practical utility of the method is well tested with tap water. Because of high sensitivity, reusability, effectivity, and biocompatibility, it exhibits great promise as a fluorescent probe for intracellular detection of fluoride