Experimental validation of two distinct pathways via Bnip3. Bax/Bak DKO cells were co-transfected 24Â h with GFP-LC3B and either mito-RFP or RFP-Bnip3 2SE. Bax/Bak DKO cells with apoptosis disabled show no co-localization of autophagosomes (GFP-LC3) with mitochondria (Mito-RFP). Cells expressing active-LIR RFP-Bnip3 2SE mutant show co-localization. (PDF 1788 kb