Synergistic Catalyst–Support Interactions in a Graphene–Mn₃O₄ Electrocatalyst for Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries

Abstract

The development of vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs) is partly limited by the sluggishness of the electrochemical reactions at conventional carbon-based electrodes. The VO²⁺/VO₂⁺ redox reaction is particularly sluggish, and improvements in battery performance require the development of new electrocatalysts for this reaction. In this study, synergistic catalyst–support interactions in a nitrogen-doped, reduced-graphene oxide/Mn₃O₄ (N-rGO-Mn₃O₄) composite electrocatalyst for VO²⁺/VO₂⁺ electrochemistry are described. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirms incorporation of nitrogen into the graphene framework during co-reduction of graphene oxide (GO), KMnO₄, and NH₃ to form the electrocatalyst, while transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirm the presence of ca. 30 nm Mn₃O₄ nanoparticles on the N-rGO support. XPS analysis shows that the composite contains 27% pyridinic N, 42% pyrrolic N, 23% graphitic N, and 8% oxidic N. Electrochemical analysis shows that the electrocatalytic activity of the composite material is significantly higher than those of the individual components due to synergism between the Mn₃O₄ nanoparticles and the carbonaceous support material. The electrocatalytic activity is highest when the Mn₃O₄ loading is ∼24% but decreases at lower and higher loadings. Furthermore, electrocatalysis of the redox reaction is most effective when nitrogen is present within the support framework, demonstrating that the metal–nitrogen–carbon coupling is key to the performance of this electrocatalytic composite for VO²⁺/VO₂⁺ electrochemistry