Visible Light-Controlled Nitric Oxide Release from Hindered Nitrobenzene Derivatives for Specific Modulation of Mitochondrial Dynamics

Abstract

Nitric oxide (NO) is a physiological signaling molecule, whose biological production is precisely regulated at the subcellular level. Here, we describe the design, synthesis, and evaluation of novel mitochondria-targeted NO releasers, Rol-DNB-mor and Rol-DNB-pyr, that are photocontrollable not only in the UV wavelength range but also in the biologically favorable visible wavelength range (530–590 nm). These caged NO compounds consist of a hindered nitrobenzene as the NO-releasing moiety and a rhodamine chromophore. Their NO-release properties were characterized by an electron spin resonance (ESR) spin trapping method and fluorometric analysis using NO probes, and their mitochondrial localization in live cells was confirmed by costaining. Furthermore, we demonstrated visible light control of mitochondrial fragmentation <i>via</i> activation of dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) by means of precisely controlled NO delivery into mitochondria of cultured HEK293 cells, utilizing Rol-DNB-pyr