Directional Migration of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Guided by a Molecule Weight Gradient of Poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) Brushes

Abstract

Directional migration of cells mediated by gradient cues <i>in vitro</i> can mimic the corresponding biological events <i>in vivo</i> and thereby provides a way to disclose the cascade responses in tissue regeneration processes and to develop novel criteria for design of tissue-inductive biomaterials. In this work, a molecular weight gradient of poly­(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) brushes with a thickness ranging from 3 to 30 nm and slopes of 0.8–3.2 nm/mm were fabricated by using surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and a dynamically controlled reaction process. The PHEMA gradients were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectrometry (XPS) and ellipsometry. The adhesion number, spreading area, adhesion force, and expression of focal adhesion and actin fibers of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) decreased along with the increase of the PHEMA brushes length. The VSMCs exhibited preferential orientation and enhanced directional migration toward the direction of reduced PHEMA thickness, whose extent was dependent on the gradient slope and polymer thickness. Most of the cells were oriented, and 87% of the cells moved directionally at the optimal conditions