Differential Sensing of Zn(II) and Cu(II) via Two Independent Mechanisms

Abstract

Selective reduction of an anthracenone–quinoline imine derivative, <b>2</b>, using 1.0 equiv of NaBH₄ in 95% ethanol affords the corresponding anthracen-9-ol derivative, <b>3</b>, as confirmed by ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, ESI-MS, FTIR, and elemental analysis results. UV–vis and fluorescence data reveal dramatic spectroscopic changes in the presence of Zn­(II) and Cu­(II). Zinc­(II) coordination induces a 1,5-prototropic shift resulting in anthracene fluorophore formation via an imine–enamine tautomerization pathway. Copper­(II) induces a colorimetric change from pale yellow to orange-red and results in imine hydrolysis in the presence of water. Spectroscopic investigations of metal ion response, selectivity, stoichiometry, and competition studies all suggest the proposed mechanisms. ESI-MS analysis, FTIR, and single-crystal XRD further support the hydrolysis phenomenon. This is a rare case of a single sensor that can be used either as a chemosensor (reversibly in the case of Zn­(II)) or as a chemodosimeter (irreversibly in the case of Cu­(II)); however, the imine must contain a coordinating Lewis base, such as quinoline, to be active for Cu­(II)