Distinct Dimerization for Various Alloforms of the Amyloid-Beta Protein: Aβ_1–40, Aβ_1–42, and Aβ_1–40(D23N)

Abstract

The Amyloid-beta protein is related to Alzheimer’s disease, and various experiments have shown that oligomers as small as the dimer are cytotoxic. Two alloforms are mainly produced: Aβ_1–40 and Aβ_1–42. They have very different oligomer distributions, and it was recently suggested, from experimental studies, that this variation may originate from structural differences in their dimer structures. Little structural information is available on the Aβ dimer, however, and to complement experimental observations, we simulated the folding of the wild-type Aβ_1–40 and Aβ_1–42 dimers as well as the mutated Aβ_1–40(D23N) dimer using an accurate coarse-grained force field coupled to Hamiltonian-temperature replica exchange molecular dynamics. The D23N variant impedes the salt-bridge formation between D23 and K28 seen in the wild-type Aβ, leading to very different fibrillation properties and final amyloid fibrils. Our results show that the Aβ_1–42 dimer has a higher propensity than the Aβ_1–40 dimer to form β-strands at the central hydrophobic core (residues 17–21) and at the C-terminal (residues 30–42), which are two segments crucial to the oligomerization of Aβ. The free energy landscape of the Aβ_1–42 dimer is also broader and more complex than that of the Aβ_1–40 dimer. Interestingly, D23N also impacts the free energy landscape by increasing the population of configurations with higher β-strand propensities when compared against Aβ₄₀. In addition, while Aβ_1–40(D23N) displays a higher β-strand propensity at the C-terminal, its solvent accessibility does not change with respect to the wild-type sequence. Overall, our results show the strong impact of the two amino acids Ile41-Ala42 and the salt-bridge D23–K28 on the folding of the Aβ dimer