Concentrations and Composition
Profiles of Benzotriazole
UV Stabilizers in Municipal Sewage Sludge in China
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Abstract
The environmental contamination and fate of benzotriazole
UV stabilizers
(BZTs) have received increasing attention due to their large production
volume and wide usage in various consumer and industrial products.
In the present work, 60 municipal sewage sludge samples from wastewater
treatment plants (WWTPs) in 33 cities in China were collected to investigate
the occurrence and distribution of 9 frequently used BZTs. The most
dominant analogue was 2-[3,5-bis(1-methyl-1-phenylethyl)-2-hydroxyphenyl]benzotriazole
(UV-234) at a median concentration of 116 ng/g (dry weight) and accounted
on average for 27.2% of total BZTs. The abundance was successively
followed by 2-(2-hydroxy-5-<i>tert</i>-octylphenyl)benzotriazole
(UV-329, average 24.3%), 2-(2-hydroxy-3-<i>tert</i>-butyl-5-methylphenyl)-5-chlorobenzotriazole
(UV-326, average 22.2%), 2-(3,5-di-<i>tert</i>-amyl-2-hydroxyphenyl)benzotriazole
(UV-328, average 17.7%), and 2-(2-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)benzotriazole
(UV-P, average 6.6%), with median concentrations of 66.8, 67.8, 57.3,
and 20.6 ng/g, respectively. 5-Chloro-2-(3,5-di-<i>tert</i>-butyl-2-hydroxyphenyl)benzotriazole (UV-327) and 2-(3-<i>sec</i>-butyl-5-<i>tert</i>-butyl-2-hydroxyphenyl)benzotriazole
(UV-350) had low detection frequency, while 2-(3,5-di-<i>tert</i>-butyl-2-hydroxyphenyl)benzotriazole (UV-320) and 2-(5-<i>tert</i>-butyl-2-hydroxyphenyl)benzotriazole (UV-PS) were not detectable
in any sample. To our knowledge, this is the first study reporting
the occurrence of UV-234, UV-329, and UV-350 in sewage sludge in China.
Significant correlations were found among the BZT concentrations and
also with a WWTP characteristic (daily treatment volume). Furthermore,
results from degradation prediction and multimedia fate simulation
based on a quantitative structure–property relationship (QSPR)
model at screening level also implied that the commercial BZT chemicals
and their plausible transformation products might be persistent in
the environment