N,N-Di<i>aryl</i>anilinosquaraines and Their Application to Organic Photovoltaics
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Abstract
We report new derivatives of symmetric squaraine dyes with N,N-di<i>aryl</i>anilino substituents that have high solubility and high absorptivity (ε = 0.71–4.1 × 10<sup>5</sup> M<sup>–1 </sup>cm<sup>–1</sup>) in the red solar spectral region (λ<sub>max</sub> = 645–694 nm) making them promising candidates for application in organic photovoltaics (OPVs). Unsymmetrical N,N-diisobutylanilino- and N,N-diphenylanilino(diphenylamino)squaraines have also been prepared that give blue-shifted absorption spectra (λ<sub>max</sub> = 529–535 nm) relative to their symmetric counterparts. Compared to bis(N,N-diisobutylanilino)squaraine, both symmetrical and unsymmetrical N,N-di<i>aryl</i>anilino squaraines show markedly broader absorption bands in solution than their N,N-di<i>alkyl</i>anilino squaraine counterparts: the full width at half-maximum (fwhm) for N,N-di<i>aryl</i>anilino squaraines range from 1280–1980 cm<sup>–1</sup>, while the fwhm value for the N,N-diisobutylanilino squarine is only 630 cm<sup>–1</sup>. The absorption bands for thin films of N,N-di<i>aryl</i>anilino squaraines broaden further to 2500–3300 cm<sup>–1</sup>. N,N-Di<i>aryl</i>anilino squaraines are fluorescent, albeit with lower quantum yields than bis(N,N-diisobutylanilino)squaraine (ϕ<sub>PL</sub> = 0.02–0.66 and 0.80, respectively). OPVs were prepared with solution processed squaraine layers using the following structure: ITO/squaraine (66–85 Å)/C<sub>60</sub> (400 Å)/BCP (100 Å)/Al (1000 Å), BCP = bathocuproine. Devices using thin films of the bis(N,N-di<i>aryl</i>anilino)squaraines as donor layers show improved performance relative to OPVs prepared with bis(N,N-di<i>alkyl</i>anilino)squaraines, i.e. bis(N,N-diisobutylanilino)squaraine: open-circuit voltage <i>V</i><sub><i>oc</i></sub> = 0.59 ± 0.05 V, short-circuit current <i>J</i><sub><i>sc</i></sub> = 5.58 ± 0.16 mA/cm<sup>2</sup>, fill factor <i>FF</i> = 0.56 ± 0.03, and power conversion efficiency η = 1.8 ± 0.2% under 1 sun, AM1.5G simulated illumination, compared with bis(N,N-diphenylanilino)squaraine: <i>V</i><sub><i>oc</i></sub> = 0.82 ± 0.02 V, <i>J</i><sub><i>sc</i></sub> = 6.71 ± 0.10 mA/cm<sup>2</sup>, <i>FF</i> = 0.59 ± 0.01, and η = 3.2 ± 0.1%. Morphological studies of thin films suggest that the solubility of bis(N,N-di<i>aryl</i>anilino)squaraines plays an important role in controlling the optoelectronic properties of the OPVs
