Channel waveguides based on a polymer, 6-fluorinated-dianhydride/epoxy, which is actively doped with a rare-earth-ion-doped complex, Nd(thenoyltrifluoroacetone)3 1,10-phenanthroline, have been fabricated. Photoluminescence peaks at 880 nm, 1060 nm, and 1330 nm have been  experimentally observed. By optimization of the fabrication\ud
procedure of both, host material and optical structure, continuous-wave laser operation on both, the four-level and quasi-three-level transitions near 1060 nm and 880 nm, respectively, has been demonstrated in channel waveguides

Diemeer, M.B.J.

Driessen, A.

Grivas, C.

Pollnau, M.

Yang, J.

English

Channel waveguides based on a polymer, 6- fluorinated-dianhydride/epoxy, which is actively doped with a rare-earth-ion-doped complex, Nd(thenoyltrifluoroacetone)3 1,10-phenanthroline, have been fabricated. Photoluminescence peaks at 880 nm, 1060 nm, and 1330 nm have been experimentally observed. By optimization of the fabrication procedure of both, host material and optical structure, continuous-wave laser operation on both, the four-level and quasi-three-level transitions near 1060 nm and 880 nm, respectively, has been demonstrated in channel waveguides

Diemeer, Mart

Pollnau, Markus

University of Twente Research Information

 Nd3+-complex-doped polymerSiO2CHEPSi  (a) CHEPCHEPSiO2Nd3+-complex-doped polymer (b) Continuous-wave Lasers in Polymer waveguides  J. Yang, C. Grivas(*), M.B.J. Diemeer, A. Driessen, and M. Pollnau Integrated Optical Micro Systems, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands * On leave from Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom E-mail: j.yang@ewi.utwente.nl   Abstract—Channel waveguides based on a polymer, 6-fluorinated-dianhydride/epoxy, which is actively doped with a rare-earth-ion-doped complex, Nd(thenoyltrifluoroacetone)3 1,10-phenanthroline, have been fabricated. Photoluminescence peaks at 880 nm, 1060 nm, and 1330 nm have been experimentally observed. By optimization of the fabrication procedure of both, host material and optical structure, continuous-wave laser operation on both, the four-level and quasi-three-level transitions near 1060 nm and 880 nm, respectively, has been demonstrated in channel waveguides. Keywords-photodefined polymer, organic complex, neodymium, polymer waveguide laser, continuous-wave polymer laser I. INTRODUCTION Polymer waveguides have emerged as a viable technology for integrated optical devices due to their low cost, capability of integration with other material systems, and ease of fabrication and modification of their chemical structure. This latter property offers enormous flexibility in the design of waveguide laser media. Research in the area of solid-state polymer lasers over the last years resulted in numerous reports on semiconducting [1] and dye-doped [2] polymer sources, which due to absorption by excitons in their excited triplet state operate in the pulsed regime. Although rare-earth-ion-doped polymers offer a suitable medium for the generation of continuous-wave (CW) laser emission, they are notably absent from the list of polymer sources realised, which is largely due to the fluorescence quenching of the dopant ions. The latter occurs by coupling of their excited state to high-energy vibrational modes of C-H and O-H bonds both in the polymer host and in the complex, where they are encapsulated in order to be dissolved in the polymer [3], thereby imposing a requirement for high pump powers, which are usually destructive for the active medium.  Here, waveguide laser operation of Nd3+-complex-doped polymer channel waveguides near 1060 and 880 nm is reported, which is, to the best of our knowledge, the first demonstration of a rare-earth-ion-doped polymer waveguide laser as well as CW polymer laser.  II. WAVEGUIDE FABRICATION The fabrication process of channel waveguides has been detailed in Ref. [4]. In brief, a neodymium complex, Nd(TTA)3phen, was synthesized and incorporated into the  Figure 1.  (a) Geometry of the buried Nd3+-complex doped polymer waveguides and (b) optical microscope picture of a channel waveguide cross section fluorinated host 6-FDA/epoxy. The fluorine ligands and the fluorination of the host material significantly decrease the luminescence quenching originating from high-energy vibrations of C-H and O-H bonds in the polymer host. By spin-coating onto a thermally oxidized silicon wafer and subsequently photodefining a cycloaliphatic epoxy prepolymer (code name CHEP) [5], inverted channels in the low-refractive-index CHEP polymer were obtained. The core material, a Nd(TTA)3phen doped 6-FDA/epoxy solution, was then backfilled via spin-coating and 5×5 µm2 Nd-complex-doped channel waveguides were realized after thermal curing. An additional 3-µm-thick CHEP layer was spin-coated on top of the channels as the upper cladding layer. Figures 1a and b show the geometry of the Nd3+ doped 6-FDA/epoxy channel waveguide and an optical microscope picture of a channel waveguide cross section, respectively. The Nd3+ concentration for the laser experiment is 1.03×1020 cm-3. The photoluminescence of the Nd3+-doped polymer channel waveguides was investigated by pumping the channel waveguides at 800 nm using a Ti:sapphire laser, and the resulting fluorescence collected from the output face of the waveguide was measured by a spectrometer and an InGaAs  detector (Fig. 2). Three luminescence bands near 880 nm, 1060 nm, and 1330 nm were identified, corresponding to the   1000 1100 1200 1300 14000.00.20.40.60.81.0NORMALIZED INTENSITY (arb. units)WAVELENGTH (nm)9004F3/2→4I11/24F3/2→4I9/24F3/2→4I13/2 NNO OOO ONdOCF3F3CF3CSSS Figure 2.  Luminescence spectrum of a buried Nd3+-complex-doped polymer waveguide (corrected with respect to the response of the detector). transitions between the metastable 4F3/2 state and the lower lying 4I9/2, 4I11/2, and 4I13/2 states of the Nd3+ ions, respectively. The luminescence lifetime of Nd3+ in the 6-FDA/epoxy host was measured to be 141 µs, thus demonstrating that the fluorination effectively diminishes non-radiative quenching of the luminescence.  III. LASER EXPERIMENTS Laser operation was achieved with a CW Ti:sapphire pump laser emitting at 800 nm. To form the laser cavity two high-reflective (HR) mirrors at the signal wavelength were attached at the end-faces of the 7.5-mm-long waveguides. CW laser emission was observed near 1060.2 nm above a threshold of 50 mW of absorbed pump power, and is given in Fig. 3a. The laser power characteristics were studied using a set of four outcoupling mirrors with a transmission of 1.8%, 3%, 4%, and 5% at the laser wavelength. The laser output as a function of absorbed pump power is given in Fig. 3b (closed dots). The maximum output power of 0.98 mW and the highest slope efficiency of 2.15% were obtained with 5% outcoupling. Laser operation was also achieved on the quasi-three-level transition near 878 nm (Fig. 3a) above an absorbed pump power threshold of 67 mW when the cavity was formed with two HR mirrors. Re-absorption losses combined with the relatively low stimulated-emission cross section at this wavelength compared to the dominant four-level transition require high pump powers, which however is in conflict with the need to maintain the pump power at a low level to avoid adverse effects on laser performance induced by thermal degradation of the material. Using 2.2% outcoupling, we obtained a slope efficiency of 0.35% and a laser threshold of 74.5 mW (open dots in Fig. 3b).  IV. CONCLUSION Successful design of a polymer host material and an organic complex to encapsulate the Nd ions enabled the development of Nd-complex-doped channel waveguide lasers operating on either the four-level or the quasi-three- level   877.5 878.0 878.5 1060.0 1060.50.00.20.40.60.81.0 NORMALIZED INTENSITY(arb. units) WAVELENGTH (nm)4F3/2→4I11/24F3/2→4I9/2 NORMALIZED INTENSITY(arb. units)  (a)  50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 1300.00.20.40.60.81.0 T=1%    / η=0.80% T=2%    / η=1.12% T=3.6% / η=1.70% T=5%    / η=2.15% T=2.2% / η=0.35%OUTPUT POWER (mW)ABSORBED PUMP POWER (mW)                                                               (b) Figure 3.  Laser emission of a buried Nd3+-complex-doped polymer waveguide at 1060.2 nm and 878 nm: (a) typical laser spectra and (b) input-output curves. transition near 1060.2 nm and 878 nm, respectively. The lasers exhibit remarkable lifetime stability as they can withstand at least two hours of uninterrupted operation whilst producing output powers of up to 0.98 mW. This is the first demonstration of a rare-earth-doped polymer waveguide laser as well as a CW polymer laser.  ACKNOWLEDGMENT This work was supported by the Dutch Technology Foundation STW within the framework of project TOE 6986.  REFERENCES [1] I. D. W. Samuel and G. A. Turnbull, “Organic semiconductor lasers,” Chem. Rev., vol. 107, pp. 1272-1285, 2007. [2] A. Costela, I. García-Moreno, and R. Sastre, “Polymeric solid-state dye lasers: Recent developments,” Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., vol. 5, pp. 4745-4763, 2003. [3] L. H. Slooff, A. van Blaaderen, A. Polman, G. A. Hebbink, S. I. Klink, F. C. J. M. Van Veggel, D. N. Reinhoudt, and J. W. Hofstraat, “Rare-earth doped polymers for planar optical amplifiers,” J. Appl. Phys., vol. 91, pp. 3955-3980, 2002. [4] J. Yang, M. B. J. Diemeer, D. Geskus, G. Sengo, M. Pollnau, and A. Driessen, “Neodymium-complex-doped photodefined polymer channel waveguide amplifiers,” Opt. Lett., vol. 34, pp. 473-475, 2009. [5] M. B. J. Diemeer, L. T. H. Hilderink, R. Dekker, and A. Driessen, “Low-cost and low-loss multimode waveguide of photodefinable epoxy”, IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 18, pp. 1624-1626, 2006.  

Continuous-wave Lasers in Polymer waveguides

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