<b><i>Background:</i></b> As the utilization of hemodialysis increases in China, it is critical to examine anemia management. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Using data from the China Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (DOPPS), we describe hemoglobin (Hgb) distribution and anemia-related therapies. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Twenty one percent of China's DOPPS patients had Hgb <9 g/dl, compared with ≤10% in Japan and North America. A majority of medical directors targeted Hgb ≥11. Patients who were female, younger, or recently hospitalized had higher odds of Hgb <9; those with insurance coverage or on twice weekly dialysis had lower odds of Hgb <9. Iron use and erythropoietin-stimulating agents (ESAs) dose were modestly higher for patients with Hgb <9 compared with Hgb in the range 10-12. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> A large proportion of hemodialysis patients in China's DOPPS do not meet the expressed Hgb targets. Less frequent hemodialysis, patient financial contribution, and lack of a substantial increase in ESA dose at lower Hgb concentrations may partially explain this gap. Video Journal Club ‘Cappuccino with Claudio Ronco' at http://www.karger.com/?doi=442741
