This paper describes a special sound absorbing technique with an accompanying efficient numerical design tool. As a basis pressure waves in a single narrow tube or pore are considered. In such a tube the viscosity and the thermal conductivity of the air, or any other fluid, can have a significant effect on the wave propagation. An important aspect is that due to the viscothermal wave propagation sound energy is being dissipated. This has been applied to configurations consisting of a manifold of tubes, the so-called coupled tubes. A design strategy was developed to create broadband sound absorption for a wall with configurations of coupled tubes. The viscothermal wave propagation in tubes is accounted for in B2000 via one-dimensional T2.VISC and T3.VISC elements. Also further applications of coupled tubes are described: a network of small coupled tubes is used as a numerical representation of conventional sound absorbing material and increased damping of flexible plates connected to a small air layer is created with tubes coupled to this air layer

Eerden, Frits van der

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van der Eerden, F.J.M.

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Sound absorption and reflection with coupled tubes

University of Twente Research Information

  1 Sound absorption and reflection with coupled tubes†  Frits van der Eerden  University of Twente, Department of Mechanical Engineering (WB-TMK) P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE  Enschede, The Netherlands f.j.m.vandereerden@wb.utwente.nl  Abstract  This paper describes a special sound absorbing technique with an accompanying efficient numerical design tool. As a basis pressure waves in a single narrow tube or pore are considered. In such a tube the viscosity and the thermal conductivity of the air, or any other fluid, can have a significant effect on the wave propagation. An important aspect is that due to the viscothermal wave propagation sound energy is being dissipated. This has been applied to configurations consisting of a manifold of tubes, the so-called coupled tubes. A design strategy was developed to create broadband sound absorption for a wall with configurations of coupled tubes. The viscothermal wave propagation in tubes is accounted for in B2000 via one-dimensional T2.VISC and T3.VISC elements. Also further applications of coupled tubes are described: a network of small coupled tubes is used as a numerical representation of conventional sound absorbing material and increased damping of flexible plates connected to a small air layer is created with tubes coupled to this air layer.  1 Introduction Two classes of sound absorbing structures can be distinguished in general: porous materials and resonance absorbers (Heckl 1995). The material of the first class has a micro-structure of pores or fibres. These materials show a broadband sound absorbing behaviour above a certain frequency. This frequency is decreased when the thickness of the material is increased. For a particular design it is not easy to predict the sound absorbing behaviour of porous materials due to uncertainties and inaccuracies of the parameters used. One approach is the Limp theory for porous materials with fibres without elasticity. The Limp model has been implemented in B2000 by Blom (1995). Efforts were also made to implement the more general and complex Biot theory which uses much more parameters (van der Eerden 1998).    The effect of resonance absorbers on the other hand can be described more accurately. Examples of resonance absorbers are: perforated panels backed by a hard wall, panel absorbers, and quarter-wavelength tube-like resonators. These absorbers are used in general for a specific frequency or a small frequency band where porous materials cannot be applied easily.                                                            † Presented at the 3rd B2000 Workshop at the University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands, November 27-28, 2000   2   In the present paper it will be shown that the effect of tube-like resonators can be considerably improved, i.e. the small frequency band for which quarter-wave resonators absorb sound can be widened considerably by coupling tubes. The coupled tubes are also called resonators. These resonators are applied to create a sound absorbing wall. To be more specific: the coupled tubes inside the wall are designed in such a way that at the surface an optimal acoustic boundary condition is created. For a predefined frequency range the optimal configuration can be calculated. An advantage of this wall is that a high sound absorption can be realised for a wide frequency band. Furthermore, the resonators can be constructed in materials that withstand high temperatures or aggressive environments.    The mechanism for a broadband sound absorption is the dissipation of sound energy and the cancellation of the incident acoustic waves due to a broadband resonance of air, or any fluid, in the coupled tubes resonators. A single tube resonator shows a significant absorption for a specific resonance frequency. Wave propagation in a single tube or resonator forms the basis for the acoustic model. It is shown that the viscous and thermal effects play an important role in the wave propagation in narrow tubes (section 2). As a next step the sound absorption of a wall with a distribution of coupled tubes resonators is described (section 3). The last section shows further applications of coupling tubes (section 4).  2 Viscothermal wave propagation in prismatic tubes Sound propagation in prismatic tubes has been investigated thoroughly by many authors. For an overview see Tijdeman (1975) and Beltman (1999a). In this paper the efficient and accurate so-called ‘low reduced frequency’ solution, which includes viscous and thermal effects, is used to describe the acoustic behaviour of air in coupled tubes. For a prismatic tube with rigid walls the low reduced frequency model has the following one-dimensional solution for the pressure perturbation p and the velocity perturbation u:xkBxkA epepxpΓΓ −+= ˆˆ)(  (1) ( )xkBxkA epepcGxu ΓΓρ−−= ˆˆ)(00 (2) The sound field in the tube consists of a plane wave with a complex amplitude Bp̂  travelling in the positive x-direction with speed c0 and a plane wave with amplitude Ap̂  travelling in the negative x-direction also with speed c0 (see Figure 1 and also the List of Symbols). The amplitudes are determined by the boundary conditions at both ends of the tube.   3xAp̂Bp̂ll Figure 1  A prismatic tube. An important parameter is the viscothermal wave propagation coefficient Γ. It is a complex quantity, Γ = Re(Γ ) + i Im(Γ ), where c0 / Im(Γ ) represents the phase velocity and Re(Γ ) accounts for the attenuation of a propagating wave. It is noted that Γ  is frequency dependent and a function of the shear wave number s and the square root of the Prandtl number σ : µωρ0ls = , the shear wave number (3) λµσ pC= , the square root of the Prandtl number (4) The shear wave number is a measure for the ratio of inertial and viscous forces and can be seen as an acoustic Reynolds number. For a low shear wave number the viscous effects dominate and the velocity perturbation in the tube approaches a Poiseuille flow. For a high value of s an almost plane wave front results. The velocity u(x) is the average velocity over the cross-section so that a one-dimensional model arises.  The viscothermal wave propagation in tubes and narrow air layers has been implemented in B2000 by Beltman. For one-dimensional tubes the linear and quadratic elements T2.VISC and T3.VISC can be used. A number of key-options allows for different approaches such as the use of various types of cross-sections. For a two-dimensional layer Q4.VISC or Q8.VISC elements are used. Each VISC element can be coupled to three-dimensional conventional acoustic elements. The layer elements can also be coupled to structure elements via interface elements.    The results presented in sections 3 and 4.1 have been obtained with an analytical continuous model for viscothermal wave propagation in tubes. The same results can be generated with B2000 by using VISC elements.    43 Sound absorption with coupled tubes A schematic representation of a tube is shown in Figure 2. On both ends various boundary conditions can be applied. In order to calculate the sound absorption coefficient of a wall with resonators, first the sound absorption coefficient α of a single tube is calculated. This coefficient represents the fraction of incident sound energy that is dissipated.  p0p10u1u10 Lx - pressure perturbation- velocity perturbation- scaled acoustic impedance Figure 2  One-dimensional representation of a prismatic tube with applicable boundary conditions The acoustic impedance Za is the ratio between the pressure and the velocity. A sudden change in the acoustic impedance causes reflection of waves. This property of acoustic wave propagation will be used for a sound absorbing wall. It is noted that Za is scaled with the characteristic impedance in a tube: )()()()(0000 xuxpcGxZcGx a ρρζ −=−=  (5) As a result an impedance of ζ = 1.0 indicates a freely propagation of waves, while ζ = 0.0 or ζ = 				    When the boundary condition at x = L is known, the impedance at the entrance ζ(x) can be calculated. The impedance is directly related to the reflection coefficient, the ratio of the reflected and the incident wave: xkBxkAepepxR ΓΓ−= ˆˆ)(      and    1)(1)()(+−=xxxRζζ (6) Furthermore, R(x) and ζ(x) are directly related to the sound absorption coefficient α : 21 R−=α      and     ( ) ( )22 )Im(1)Re()Re(4ζζζα++=  (7) For α = 1.0 all incident energy is absorbed. It follows from (7) that the real part of ζ can only be positive because α  3.1 A sound absorbing wall with single tube resonators The goal is to create a sound absorbing wall with an impedance equal or close to 1. In Figure 3 a wall with a uniform distribution of cylindrical quarter-wave resonators is depicted, i.e. the tubes are closed on one side.    5 Figure 3  A sound absorbing wall with quarter-wave resonators. wall tube  Figure 4  Cross-section of a wall with resonators. The impedance of the wall ζwall can be related to the impedance at the entrance of a single tube ζtube by assuming that the waves are plane at a short distance from the wall, i.e. kδ « 1 with k = ω / c0 (see Figure 4). Also it is assumed that the pressure perturbation and the harmonic mass flow in a reference frame across the wall are constant. The surface porosity of the wall Ω is defined as: walltubeAAN=Ω  (8) where Awall is the total area of the wall, N is the number of identical tubes, each with a cross-sectional area Atube. So with the assumptions discussed earlier concerning the reference frame the impedance of the wall can be written as: Ω= tubewallζζ  (9) This is an important result for a sound absorbing wall with resonators. If the impedance of the tubes and the porosity Ω are matched in such a way that the ratio is 1.0 for a specific frequency then the sound absorption is maximal for that frequency.    In Figure 5 the numerical results of an ‘optimal’ sound absorbing wall with quarter-wave resonators are shown. Note that the viscous and thermal effects are essential for sound absorption.   61000 1200 1400 160000.20.40.60.81Frequency [Hz]α [−]Radius = 0.01m  Radius = 0.005m Radius = 0.001m Radius = 0.0005m Figure 5  Optimal sound absorption of a wall with a distribution of quarter-wave resonator tuned at 1324 Hz. Resonators per m2: 23, 172, 22,000 and 176,000, respectively. Standard air conditions are used. 3.2 A sound absorbing wall with coupled tubes resonators By coupling tubes a more complex resonator can be obtained. A wall with these resonators is able to absorb sound for a more broadband frequency range. In order to do so the lengths and the cross-sectional areas of the coupled tubes need to be tuned. A small computer program was developed for this purpose. However, with some modification of B2OPT it should also be possible to find the optimal geometry of the resonators. In Figure 6 three configurations with coupled tubes resonators and the corresponding optimal sound absorption coefficients are illustrated.  DoubleTripleMultiple800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 200000.20.40.60.81Frequency [Hz]α [−]Single  Double  MultipleTriple   Figure 6  Coupled tubes resonators with a closed end (left) and corresponding optimal sound absorption coefficient of a wall with resonators (right).   7These numerical results were validated with experiments in an impedance tube (Kundt’s tube) by means of the two-microphone method (van der Eerden 2000).    The computer program is an effective design tool for a sound absorbing wall for a predefined frequency range. It is noted that the resonators can be constructed in special materials to withstand for example: aging, extreme temperatures or other aggressive environments. Furthermore, resonators are not limited to axially coupled straight tubes. As long as the wave propagation is one-dimensional by approximation, also flexible tubes or labyrinth-like structures can be applied in the sound absorbing wall in order to reduce the wall thickness. A wall can also have open ended resonators to enable a fluid to pass through or for visual inspections.  4 Further applications with coupled tubes The model for viscothermal wave propagation in coupled tubes has been applied, among other applications, in the following examples. For a more detailed description the reader is referred to Van der Eerden (2000). 4.1 A random network of tubes The coupled tubes model as used in section 3 provides an interesting opportunity to predict the acoustic behaviour of sound absorbing materials. The sound absorbing material is numerically  0 0.038Length [m]  Figure 7  Example of a random network of coupled tubes. Thickness of the sample is indicated along the horizontal axis.    0 1000 2000 3000 400000.20.40.60.81Frequency [Hz]α [−]Network        Empirical modelLimp theory    Biot theory     Figure 8  Numerical sound absorption coefficients.   8represented by a labyrinth-like distribution of a large number of tubes. With a limited number of parameters the predicted acoustic behaviour corresponds well with the results of other, more sophisticated, numerical models.    An example of a random network of tubes is depicted in Figure 7. Each tube is identical, has a length L and a radius R and is represented by a short line. The length and radius of the tubes can be seen as equivalent ones for the pores inside the material. The tubes are connected to each other to form a type of network. Tubes which end inside the material are considered as being closed with an acoustically hard termination. At the left-hand side of the network incident waves are assumed via a constant pressure. At the right-hand side an acoustically hard wall is prescribed to simulate a sample of material in an impedance tube. Other boundary conditions, such as an open end, can also be prescribed.    In Figure 8 the numerical absorption coefficient of a sample of a network of tubes is compared to results of other numerical models. Parameters such as flow resistivity and a structure factor are not needed for the network description. Instead an empirical random parameter and the porosity can be used. Compared to the Biot theory the number of parameters is largely reduced. 4.2 A viscothermally damped flexible plate The viscothermal effects in air can be used to reduce the vibrations of a flexible plate which is backed by an air filled cavity (see Figure 9).     AccelerometersShaker Force transducerThin plateAir gapMovable bottom plateRow with resonators  Figure 9  An airtight box with a flexible clamped plate. 60 80 100 120 1400123x 10−4Structural 21−modeStructural 11−mode →Frequency [Hz]HX/F [m/N]With resonators   Without resonators Figure 10  Calculated frequency response (magnitude) of the flexible plate. Gap width = 2 mm, frequency of resonators = 133 Hz. The damping of the plate is achieved in two ways. Firstly, the viscothermal effects in a thin air layer trapped under the plate cause dissipation of energy via the so-called acousto-elastic coupling of the plate and the air layer (see Beltman 1998 and Basten 1998). Secondly, a number   9of tuned resonators is used to create extra damping in the air layer. The extra damping is added in a small frequency range where the damping of the plate by the air layer is low.    Figure 10 shows that the presence of the resonators reduces the vibration level of the plate for the structural 11-mode considerably. The structural 21-mode is already highly damped due to pumping of the air in the air layer. As a consequence of the pumping the corresponding frequency is largely reduced. The numerical results were validated with experiments. It proved that the B2000 results predicted the extra damping well.  5 Conclusions A numerical model for viscothermal wave propagation in coupled tubes has been presented. With so-called coupled tubes resonators in a wall it is possible to create a sound absorbing wall for a predefined broadband frequency range. The numerical design tool was validated with experiments (not shown in this paper). Also further applications of coupled tubes were described: a random network of small coupled tubes can represent conventional sound absorbing material and increased damping of flexible plates is obtained by connecting resonators to a small air layer.  Acknowledgements The contributions of the members of the ‘dynamica’  group are gratefully acknowledged. This research was supported by the Dutch Technology Foundation (STW).  References Basten, T.G.H., Beltman, W.M., Tijdeman, H. (1998). Optimization of viscothermal damping of double wall panels, Inter-Noise 1998 Proceedings, New Zealand Beltman, W.M. (1998b). Viscothermal wave propagation including acousto-elastic interaction, PhD. Thesis, ISBN 90-3651217-4, Enschede Beltman, W.M. (1999a). Viscothermal wave propagation including acousto-elastic interaction, part I: theory, Journal of Sound and Vibration 227(3), 555-586 Beltman, W.M. (1999b). Viscothermal wave propagation including acousto-elastic interaction, part II: applications, Journal of Sound and Vibration 227(3), 587-609 Blom, F.J. (1995). Investigations on the sound propagation through porous materials, MSc Thesis, University of Twente, Enschede (also published as a Technical Report at the NLR, the Netherlands) van der Eerden, F.J.M., Spiering, R.M.E.J., Tijdeman, H. (1998). Sound attenuation: Implementation of the Biot theory, 2nd B2000/MEMCOM Workshop, November 5-6, Manno, Switserland van der Eerden, F.J.M. (2000). Noise reduction with coupled prismatic tubes, PhD. Thesis, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands Heckl, M., Müller, H.A. (1995). Taschenbuch der Technischen Akustik, Springer-Verlag, Berlin   10Tijdeman, H. (1975). On the propagation of sound waves in cylindrical tubes, Journal of Sound and Vibration, 39(1), 1-33  List of Symbols c0 Speed of sound in quiescent space [m/s] Cp Specific heat at constant pressure [J/kgK] G Parameter which depends on the cross-sectional shape [-] 1−=i  Imaginary unit [-]  Wave number [m-1]  Reduced frequency [-] l=R, l=h0 Half the characteristic length scale of the cross-section [m] L Length of a tube [m] p Pressure perturbation [Pa] Ap̂  Complex amplitude of plane wave [Pa] R Reflection coefficient [-] R Radius [m]  Shear wave number [-] t Time [s] u Particle velocity perturbation [m/s] x Cartesian co-ordinate [m] Za Acoustic impedance [kg/(m2s)]  α Sound absorption coefficient [-] Γ Viscothermal wave propagation coefficient [-] λ Thermal conductivity [J/msK] µ Dynamic viscosity [Pa s] ρ0 Mean density [kg/m3]  Square root of the Prandtl number [-] ω Angular frequency [rad/s] Ω Porosity of a surface or a volume [-] ζ Acoustic dimensionless impedance [-]  Re{ } Real part Im{ } Imaginary part   Standard air conditions: c0 = 343.3 m/s, ρ0 = 1.22 kg/m3, µ = 18.2.10-6 Ns/m2, γ = 1.4, σ = 0.845 µρω 0ls =0ck ω=0r clk ω=λµσ pC=

Optimization of viscothermal damping of double wall panels, Inter-Noise

Viscothermal wave propagation including acousto-elastic interaction, part I: theory,

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Sound absorption and reflection with coupled tubes

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