<p>(a-l) The peridynamic simulations of the lipid membrane which is shown in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0165947#pone.0165947.g003" target="_blank">Fig 3</a> (j-l), but with gradually increased shear modulus. (a-d) The ruptures become rugged where G = 1 MPa. (e-h) The straight edges of the ruptures become more pronounced where G = 2.5 MPa and branches start to appear. (i-l) The ruptures appear as elongated finely branched structures where G = 7.5 MPa. These structures typically evolve into fractals(l). The color bar in (d) applies to all simulations shown in Fig 4, and is identical to the one in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0165947#pone.0165947.g003" target="_blank">Fig 3</a>. The number of pinning points in all simulations in this figure is 16, and the positions of the pinning sites are identical to the ones in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0165947#pone.0165947.g003" target="_blank">Fig 3J</a> and p (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0165947#pone.0165947.s004" target="_blank">S2 Movie</a>). The ratio of the diameter of the expanded membrane to the initial diameter (D/D<sub>0</sub>) is shown below each snapshot of the simulations.</p
