This special section is about the control of electrical stimulators to restore standing functions to paraplegics. It addresses several important topics regarding the interactions of the intact central nervous systems (CNS) with the artificial control system. The topics are as follows: how paraplegics use their arms to help themselves stand up with functional electrical stimulation (FES); the user-driven artificial control of FESsupported standing up; a controller which is promising for the control of sitting down; the application of reinforcement machine learning for the controllers of standing up; arms-free\ud
standing with voluntary upper body balancing and artificially controlled ankle stiffness; and cognitive feedback in balancing. This Commentary introduces the papers in this section and relates them to earlier research

Donaldson, Nick

Veltink, Peter H.

English

This special section is about the control of electrical stimulators to restore standing functions to paraplegics. It addresses several important topics regarding the interactions of the intact central nervous systems (CNS) with the artificial control system. The topics are as follows: how paraplegics use their arms to help themselves stand up with functional electrical stimulation (FES); the user-driven artificial control of FESsupported standing up; a controller which is promising for the control of sitting down; the application of reinforcement machine learning for the controllers of standing up; arms-free standing with voluntary upper body balancing and artificially controlled ankle stiffness; and cognitive feedback in balancing. This Commentary introduces the papers in this section and relates them to earlier research

Veltink, Petrus H.

NARCIS 

A perspective on the control of FES-supported standing

Abstract — This special section is about the control of elec-trical stimulators to restore standing functions to paraplegics. It addresses several important topics regarding the interactions of the intact central nervous systems (CNS) with the artificial control system. The topics are as follows: how paraplegics use their arms to help themselves stand up with functional electrical stimulation (FES); the user-driven artificial control of FES-supported standing up; a controller which is promising for the control of sitting down; the application of reinforcement machine learning for the controllers of standing up; arms-free standing with voluntary upper body balancing and artificially controlled ankle stiffness; and cognitive feedback in balancing. This Commentary introduces the papers in this section and relates them to earlier research. Index Terms—Control, functional electrical stimulation (FES), paraplegia, rehabilitation, standing, standing up. I

Peter H. Veltink

Nick Donaldson

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A perspective on the control of FESsupported standing

A comprehensive FES control system for mobility restoration

A functional closedloop sit/stand system for mid/low thoracic paraplegics,”

Arm-free paraplegic standing: Part I—Control model synthesis and simulation,” this issue,

Arm-free paraplegic standing: Part II: Experimental results,” this issue,

Balance training by means of biofeedback,” in

Computer simulation of FES standingup in paraplegia: A self-adaptive fuzzy controller with reinforcement learning,” this issue,

Conditioning of skeletal muscle by long-term functional electrical stimulation—Implications for the development of practical sytems,”

Control of FES-assisted standing-up in paraplegics—The role of mono- and biarticular muscles,” in

Control of functional electrical stimulation with extended physiological proprioception,”

Cutaneous whole nerve recordings used for correction of footdrop in Hemiplegic Man,”

Design and simulation of closed-loop electrical stimulation orthoses for restoration of quiet standing in paraplegia,”

Disability and controllability after paralysis: A kinematic analysis,” in

Electrical splinting of the knee in paraplegia,”

Feedback control of unsupported standing in paraplegia. Part I: Optimal control approach,”

FES standing: Control by handle reactions of leg muscle stimulation

Introduction to Dynamic Systems—Theory, Models and Applications.

Joint motion sensors for FES: The GyroGoniometer,” in

L¨ otters, “Movement analysis using accelerometers and gyroscopes,” in

Motor prostheses for restoration of upper extremity function,” in Neural Prostheses,

Myo-electric control of paralyzed muscles,”

On the design of a triaxial accelerometer,”

On/off control in FES-induced standing up: A model study and experiments,”

Paraplegic standing controlled by functional neuromuscular stimulation: Pt. 1—Computer model and control system design,”

Patient controlled electrical stimulation via EMG signature discrimination for providing certain paraplegics with primitive walking function,”

Patient-driven control of FES-supported standing-up: A simulation study,” this issue,

Posture switching for prolonging functional electrical stimulation standing in paraplegic patients,”

Prolonged closed-loop standing in paraplegia with implanted cochlear FES-22 stimulator and andrews ankle-foot orthosis,” in

Reciprocating gait orthosis powered with electrical muscle stimulation (RGO II); Medical evaluation of 70 paraplegic patients,”

Restoration and analysis of standing-up in complete paraplegia utilizing functional electrical stimulation,”

Rule-based control of a hybrid FES orthosis for assisting paraplegic locomotion,”

Standing the spinal cord injured by electrical stimulation: Reﬁnement of a protocol for clinical use,”

Standing-up of a healthy subject and a paraplegic patient,”

strategy used by paraplegics to stand up using FES,” this issue,

Switching curve controller for FES-assisted standing up and sitting down,” this issue,

The choice of control system for the multimovement prosthesis: Extended physiological proprioception (EPP),” The Control of Upper-Limb Prostheses

The functional standing test—Development of a clinical evaluation of standing function,”

Two channel electrical stimulator providing standing of paraplegic patients,”

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A perspective on the control of FES-supported standing

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