<p>The results are presented for all Chinese characters, Chinese characters learned in the character-writing condition and characters learned in the pinyin-writing condition for the English L1 participants. Bar graph shows the brain activation at the left middle frontal gyrus at (-50, 2, 28) in each task for characters learned in either character-writing or pinyin-writing and for English words. *** indicates significance at p < .001. Error bars indicate standard errors.</p
