<p>Although there have been approximately 60 chemical compounds identified as potent fermentation inhibitors in lignocellulose hydrolysate, our research group recently discovered glycolaldehyde as a key fermentation inhibitor during second generation biofuel production. Accordingly, we have developed a yeast <i>S. cerevisiae</i> strain exhibiting tolerance to glycolaldehyde. During this glycolaldehyde study, we established novel approaches for rational engineering of inhibitor-tolerant <i>S. cerevisiae</i> strains, including engineering redox cofactors and engineering the SUMOylation pathway. These new technical dimensions provide a novel platform for engineering <i>S. cerevisiae</i> strains to overcome one of the key barriers for industrialization of lignocellulosic ethanol production. As such, this review discusses novel biochemical insight of glycolaldehyde in the context of the biofuel industry.</p
