Additional file 1. Table S1: Genes with distinct hypermethylated sex-specific windows within the same gene. Table S2: Categories enriched (p = 0.05) in hypermethylated genes at male-producing temperature (26 °C). Table S3: Categories enriched (p = 0.05) in hypermethylated genes at female-producing temperature (31 °C). Tables S4 through S11—differentially methylated genes in C. picta hatchling methylomes along with RPKM, fold change and edgeR p value: Table S4: Heat shock genes. Table S5: Androgen-/estrogen-related genes. Table S6: Kinases. Table S7: Histone-related genes. Table S8: Ubiquitin-related genes. Table S9: Transient receptor potential genes. Table S10: Genes involved in cell proliferation. Table S11: Germline-related genes. Table S12: Number of differentially methylated genes by GO term present in testis and ovaries of C. picta hatchlings. Table S13: Comprehensive list of differentially methylated genes and associated GO pathways between testis and ovaries of C. picta hatchlings. Table S14: Statistics of all differentially methylated genes between testis and ovaries of C. picta hatchlings. Table S15: Genes differentially expressed in the C. picta transcriptome (stage 22) [42] and differentially methylated in the hatchling methylome (this study). Table S16: Relative abundance distribution of repeat categories as a fraction of the genome. Table S17: Overlapping genes between C. picta hatchling methylomes and the methylomes of tongue sole [18]

Literman, Robert

Mizoguchi, Beatriz

Radhakrishnan, Srihari

Valenzuela, Nicole

Epigenetics & Chromatin

Srihari Radhakrishnan (3839635)

Robert Literman (3839632)

Beatriz Mizoguchi (4037867)

Nicole Valenzuela (354364)

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MOESM1 of MeDIP-seq and nCpG analyses illuminate sexually dimorphic methylation of gonadal development genes with high historic methylation in turtle hatchlings with temperature-dependent sex determination

Abstract Background DNA methylation alters gene expression but not DNA sequence and mediates some cases of phenotypic plasticity. Temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD) epitomizes phenotypic plasticity where environmental temperature drives embryonic sexual fate, as occurs commonly in turtles. Importantly, the temperature-specific transcription of two genes underlying gonadal differentiation is known to be induced by differential methylation in TSD fish, turtle and alligator. Yet, how extensive is the link between DNA methylation and TSD remains unclear. Here we test for broad differences in genome-wide DNA methylation between male and female hatchling gonads of the TSD painted turtle Chrysemys picta using methyl DNA immunoprecipitation sequencing, to identify differentially methylated candidates for future study. We also examine the genome-wide nCpG distribution (which affects DNA methylation) in painted turtles and test for historic methylation in genes regulating vertebrate gonadogenesis. Results Turtle global methylation was consistent with other vertebrates (57% of the genome, 78% of all CpG dinucleotides). Numerous genes predicted to regulate turtle gonadogenesis exhibited sex-specific methylation and were proximal to methylated repeats. nCpG distribution predicted actual turtle DNA methylation and was bimodal in gene promoters (as other vertebrates) and introns (unlike other vertebrates). Differentially methylated genes, including regulators of sexual development, had lower nCpG content indicative of higher historic methylation. Conclusions Ours is the first evidence suggesting that sexually dimorphic DNA methylation is pervasive in turtle gonads (perhaps mediated by repeat methylation) and that it targets numerous regulators of gonadal development, consistent with the hypothesis that it may regulate thermosensitive transcription in TSD vertebrates. However, further research during embryogenesis will help test this hypothesis and the alternative that instead, most differential methylation observed in hatchlings is the by-product of sexual differentiation and not its cause

Srihari Radhakrishnan

Robert Literman

Beatriz Mizoguchi

Nicole Valenzuela

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MeDIP-seq and nCpG analyses illuminate sexually dimorphic methylation of gonadal development genes with high historic methylation in turtle hatchlings with temperature-dependent sex determination

Background: DNA methylation alters gene expression but not DNA sequence and mediates some cases of phenotypic plasticity. Temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD) epitomizes phenotypic plasticity where environmental temperature drives embryonic sexual fate, as occurs commonly in turtles. Importantly, the temperature-specific transcription of two genes underlying gonadal differentiation is known to be induced by differential methylation in TSD fish, turtle and alligator. Yet, how extensive is the link between DNA methylation and TSD remains unclear. Here we test for broad differences in genome-wide DNA methylation between male and female hatchling gonads of the TSD painted turtle Chrysemys picta using methyl DNA immunoprecipitation sequencing, to identify differentially methylated candidates for future study. We also examine the genome-wide nCpG distribution (which affects DNA methylation) in painted turtles and test for historic methylation in genes regulating vertebrate gonadogenesis.
Results: Turtle global methylation was consistent with other vertebrates (57% of the genome, 78% of all CpG dinucleotides). Numerous genes predicted to regulate turtle gonadogenesis exhibited sex-specific methylation and were proximal to methylated repeats. nCpG distribution predicted actual turtle DNA methylation and was bimodal in gene promoters (as other vertebrates) and introns (unlike other vertebrates). Differentially methylated genes, including regulators of sexual development, had lower nCpG content indicative of higher historic methylation.
Conclusions: Ours is the first evidence suggesting that sexually dimorphic DNA methylation is pervasive in turtle gonads (perhaps mediated by repeat methylation) and that it targets numerous regulators of gonadal development, consistent with the hypothesis that it may regulate thermosensitive transcription in TSD vertebrates. However, further research during embryogenesis will help test this hypothesis and the alternative that instead, most differential methylation observed in hatchlings is the by-product of sexual differentiation and not its cause.This article is published as Radhakrishnan, Srihari, Robert Literman, Beatriz Mizoguchi, and Nicole Valenzuela. "MeDIP-seq and nCpG analyses illuminate sexually dimorphic methylation of gonadal development genes with high historic methylation in turtle hatchlings with temperature-dependent sex determination." Epigenetics & chromatin 10 (2017): 28. doi: 10.1186/s13072-017-0136-2.</p

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https://dr.lib.iastate.edu/handle/20.500.12876/23198

MOESM1 of MeDIP-seq and nCpG analyses illuminate sexually dimorphic methylation of gonadal development genes with high historic methylation in turtle hatchlings with temperature-dependent sex determination

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