Images were acquired by the DeepSurvey Camera on board GEOMAR's AUV Abyss. Nodules were delineated by the CoMoNoD algorithm [see related to references]. Result files are computed per AUV dive. Nodule detections below 5cm^2 are neglected as are detections above 707cm^2. Abundance statistics are computed per m^2 and gridded per m^2 as well. For overlapping images, max-pooling has been applied to select the values reported in the result files. Pixel values in the rendered maps correspond to the units reported in the ASCI files (median-nodule-size: cm^2, nodule-number: m^-2, percent-coverage: %, sorting, skewness and pixel-contributions are unit-free)

Erica A Shearer

M Fernanda Buanafina

Marcia M de O Buanafina

Prashanti R Iyer

Schoening, Timm

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Results of nodule detection along AUV track SO239_115-1_AUV9 (Abyss_175) during SONNE cruise SO239

A feature of cell wall arabinoxylan in grasses is the presence of ferulic acid which upon oxidative coupling by the action of peroxidases forms diferuloyl bridges between formerly separated arabinoxylans. Ferulate cross-linking is suspected of playing various roles in different plant processes. Here we investigate the role of cell wall feruloyaltion in two major processes, that of leaf growth and the turnover of cell wall arabinoxylans on leaf senescence in tall fescue using plants in which the level of cell wall ferulates has been reduced by targeted expression of the Aspergillus niger ferulic acid esterase A (FAEA) to the apoplast or Golgi. Analysis of FAE expressing plants showed that all the lines had shorter and narrower leaves compared to control, which may be a consequence of the overall growth rate being lower and occurring earlier in FAE expressing leaves than in controls. Furthermore, the final length of epidermal cells was shorter than controls, indicating that their expansion was curtailed earlier than in control leaves. This may be due to the observations that the deposition of both ether and ester linked monomeric hydroxycinnamic acids and ferulate dimerization stopped earlier in FAE expressing leaves but at a lower level than controls, and hydroxycinnamic acid deposition started to slow down when peroxidase levels increased. It would appear therefore that one of the possible mechanisms for controlling overall leaf morphology such as leaf length and width in grasses, where leaf morphology is highly variable between species, may be the timing of hydroxycinnamic acid deposition in the expanding cell walls as they emerge from cell division into the elongation zone, controlled partially by the onset of peroxidase activity in this region

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Reducing cell wall feruloylation by expression of a fungal ferulic acid esterase in Festuca arundinacea modifies plant growth, leaf morphology and the turnover of cell wall arabinoxylans.

Root growth kinetics (A), final root length (B) and root morphology phenotypes (C) of tillers of control, apoplast (T27 and T27R) and Golgi (T28 and T29) expressing plants grown in hydroponic culture for three weeks. Mean ± SEM (n = 3–5). Letters indicate significant difference (Tukey’s, α = 0.05) among mean values.</p

Marcia M. de O Buanafina (4453111)

Prashanti R. Iyer (4453108)

M. Fernanda Buanafina (4453105)

Erica A. Shearer (4453102)

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Reducing cell wall feruloylation by expression of a fungal ferulic acid esterase in Festuca arundinacea modifies plant growth, leaf morphology and the turnover of cell wall arabinoxylans - Fig 4

Ester + ether linked HCAs (A-C) and ester linked HCAs (D-F) in cell wall AIR isolated from 10mm segments along 14–16 cm leaves starting from the elongation zone of control and apoplast (T27 and T27R) or Golgi (T28 and T29) FAE expressing plants. p-coumaric acid (A, D), ferulate monomers (B, E), and total ferulate dimers (C, F). Leaf sections (120–130) were pooled by location along the leaf blade for each of 2 to 3 replicates per line. Ferulate monomers = trans-ferulic + cis-ferulic acid. Ferulate dimers = 8-0-4’-diferulate + 5–5’diferulate + 8–5 cyclic diferulate (benzo form) + 8–5’-diferulate + an unknown ferulate dimer. Mean ± SEM (n = 4–6 from 2 independent FAE expressing plants).</p

Reducing cell wall feruloylation by expression of a fungal ferulic acid esterase in Festuca arundinacea modifies plant growth, leaf morphology and the turnover of cell wall arabinoxylans - Fig 9

<div>A feature of cell wall arabinoxylan in grasses is the presence of ferulic acid which upon oxidative coupling by the action of peroxidases forms diferuloyl bridges between formerly separated arabinoxylans. Ferulate cross-linking is suspected of playing various roles in different plant processes. Here we investigate the role of cell wall feruloyaltion in two major processes, that of leaf growth and the turnover of cell wall arabinoxylans on leaf senescence in tall fescue using plants in which the level of cell wall ferulates has been reduced by targeted expression of the Aspergillus niger ferulic acid esterase A (FAEA) to the apoplast or Golgi. Analysis of FAE expressing plants showed that all the lines had shorter and narrower leaves compared to control, which may be a consequence of the overall growth rate being lower and occurring earlier in FAE expressing leaves than in controls. Furthermore, the final length of epidermal cells was shorter than controls, indicating that their expansion was curtailed earlier than in control leaves. This may be due to the observations that the deposition of both ether and ester linked monomeric hydroxycinnamic acids and ferulate dimerization stopped earlier in FAE expressing leaves but at a lower level than controls, and hydroxycinnamic acid deposition started to slow down when peroxidase levels increased. It would appear therefore that one of the possible mechanisms for controlling overall leaf morphology such as leaf length and width in grasses, where leaf morphology is highly variable between species, may be the timing of hydroxycinnamic acid deposition in the expanding cell walls as they emerge from cell division into the elongation zone, controlled partially by the onset of peroxidase activity in this region.</div

Reducing cell wall feruloylation by expression of a fungal ferulic acid esterase in Festuca arundinacea modifies plant growth, leaf morphology and the turnover of cell wall arabinoxylans

https://figshare.com/articles/Reducing_cell_wall_feruloylation_by_expression_of_a_fungal_ferulic_acid_esterase_in_i_Festuca_arundinacea_i_modifies_plant_growth_leaf_morphology_and_the_turnover_of_cell_wall_arabinoxylans/5431375

Results of nodule detection along AUV track SO239_115-1_AUV9 (Abyss_175) during SONNE cruise SO239

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