<p>Release of cytokines and chemokines [IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IP-10 (CXCL10), RANTES (CCL5), TNF-α, GM-CSF, and IFN-γ] from hTMSCs cultured under serum-free medium compared to serum-containing medium was evaluated with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. hTMSCs cultured in serum-free medium exhibited upregulation of IL-8 and GM-CSF, but downregulation of IL-1β, IL-10, IL-12, RANTES, and TNF-α versus the control group. These patterns of cytokine and chemokine secretion were different from those of hTMSCs cultured under serum-containing medium.</p
