PKD family inhibition abrogates LPA-mediated downstream signaling. (A) BV-2 microglia cells were cultured in 6-well plates, serum-starved overnight and preincubated with CRT0066101 (‘CRT’, 1 μM) for the indicated time periods before incubation with LPA (1 μM) or LPA (1 μM) plus CRT. Cells incubated only with 0.1% BSA or CRT (1 μM) were used as negative control. The phosphorylation states of PKDs, JNK, AKT, ERK1/2, and p38 were detected by immunoblotting and one representative blot for each protein is shown. (B) Densitometric analysis of western blots (N = 3). Results are presented as mean values + SEM (***p < 0.001; compared to control; ## p < 0.01, ### p < 0.001 LPA plus CRT versus LPA; one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni correction). (PPT 777 kb
