<p>(A) Malaria parasite liver burden with/without intraportal infusion of frozen <i>S</i>. <i>mansoni</i>-eggs. Female B6 mice were intraportally inoculated 3,000/10,000 frozen <i>S</i>. <i>mansoni</i>-eggs and challenged with 1,500 sporozoites of <i>Plasmodium yoelii</i> along with controls inoculated with PBS (control: N = 3; 3,000 frozen eggs: N = 5, ***P<0.001, t = 1.943, df = 6; 10,000 frozen eggs: N = 3, *P<0.05, Student’s two-tailed t-test, t = 4.072, df = 4). (B) Macroscopic and microscopic images of liver pathology. The black lines indicate 250 micro meters. (C) The number of granulomas in the liver. Female BALB/c mice and B6 mice were inoculated with 50 <i>S</i>. <i>mansoni</i>-cercariae subcutaneously (naive: N = 5; 50 cercariae: N = 3) or inoculated with 3,000 frozen <i>S</i>. <i>mansoni</i>-eggs along with controls inoculated with PBS intraportaly (PBS: N = 5; 3,000 frozen eggs: N = 5). The numbers of granuloma were counted in 20 microscopic fields at 100 x magnification. *P<0.05, ***P<0.001. All data were statistically examined using Student’s two-tailed t-test. (D) The numbers of immune cells induced by intraportal infusion of 3,000 frozen <i>S</i>. <i>mansoni</i>-eggs. Female B6 mice (N = 4/group) were intraportaly inoculated 3,000 <i>S</i>. <i>mansoni</i>-eggs. (E) The numbers of immune cells induced by 50 <i>S</i>. <i>mansoni</i>-cercaria infection. Female BALB/c mice (naive: N = 9, 8 weeks: N = 9, 10 weeks N = 6) were infected with 50 <i>S</i>. <i>mansoni</i>-cercariae. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001. All data were statistically examined using Student’s two-tailed t-test.</p
