Ünlü Mustafa

小谷 廣通

矢野 友久

竹内 真一

笹木 加奈子

小谷, 廣通

1456

オダニ, ヒロミチ

竹内, 真一

1577

タケウチ, シンイチ

Ünlü, Mustafa

1452

笹木, 加奈子

1613

ササキ, カナコ

矢野, 友久

1428

ヤノ, トモヒサ

Odani, Hiromichi

1457

TAKEUCHI, Shinichi

1578

1454

SASAKI, Kanako

1614

YANO, Tomohisa

1429

Research Institute for Humanity and Nature Repository

Actual Evapotranspiration and Potential Evapotranspiration of Maize Crop in Adana Region, Turkey  Hiromichi ODANI1, Shinichi TAKEUCHI2 , Mustafa UNLU3,  Kanako SASAKI1 , and Tomohisa YANO2  1University of Shiga Prefecture  2500 Hassaku-cho, Hıkone, Shıga 522-8470  2Kyushu Kyouritsu University   3Cukurova University   1.  Introduction    Actual  evapotranspirat ion (ET ,  mm/day) and potential  evapotranspirat ion (ETp ,  mm/day) of maize crop under present  crop,  soil  and micro- meteorological  condit ions have been determined as basic data to predict  the impact  of  cl imate change on crop productivi ty.  Both values have been calculated by using three micrometeorological  methods of the energy balance f lux rat io method (the EBFR method),  the energy balance Bowen rat io method (the EBBR method) and the Penman-Monteith method (the PM method) for 88 days of July 29 to Oct.  24,  2004 (Odani et  al . ,  2005).    Transpirat ion (T ,  mm/day) of maize was obtained from the sap flow measurement during Aug. 7-16,  2004.  Evaporation (E ,  mm/day) from soil  surface was measured with the microlysimeter during Aug. 9-16,  2004 (Odani et  al . ,  2005).  The quanti ty of latent  heat  (EA ,  mm/day) t ransferred lateral ly due to advection in the space of furrow under maize canopy was measured during Aug. 8-15,  2004 (Odani et  al . ,  2006).  Relat ionships between ET  and E+T ,  and between ET+EA  and E+T  have been examined.     2.  Calculation of the latent heat f lux  First ,  the mean latent  heat  f lux for 30 min.  is  calculated to obtain ET  and ETp .   2.1 The EBFR method   The EBFR method is  used as the basic method to determine the latent  heat  f lux.  In this  method,  the latent  heat  f lux is  calculated as fol lows (Odani et  al . ,  2001):    ① The latent  heat  f lux ( the water  vapor f lux;  FH 2 O , f  ,  kg s - 1  m- 2)  is  calculated by the f lux rat io method,    )(//2121221,ddpwwsfOH TTCLHLF −=− ρρρρ ,     (1)  where L(J/kg) is  the latent  heat  of  vaporization,  Hs (W/m2) the sensible heat  f lux measured by the eddy correlat ion method,    ρ w(kg/m3) the  water vapor density,  ρ (kg/m3) the dry air  density,  Cp(J K- 1  kg- 1)  the specific  heat  for  constant  pressure and ρ w /ρ  the mixing rat io.  Td 1  and Td 2  temperatures at  two heights z1  and z2 ,  respectively.  In the EBFR method,  i t  is  assumed that  measured values of  Hs  are  rel iable.    In the f lux rat io method,  however,  unreliable  values of  FH 2 O , f  are  sometimes est imated for very small  values of |Td 1 -Td 2| .    ② Values of  Rn-G don' t  usually agree with those of Hs+LFH 2 O , f  ,  where Rn(W/m2) is  net  radiat ion and G(W/m2) the soil  heat  f lux.     ③ Therefore,  coefficients of p  and q  are introduced so that  the energy balance equation hold good,  and values of coefficients are determined by the method of least  squares.  Then the following a)  and b) are assumed:     a)In the condit ion of relat ively larger |Td 1 -Td 2|  or  |Hs| ,  latent  heat  f luxes,  LFH 2 O , f ,  are  est imated sat isfactori ly,  and     b)Rn  and G  are overest imated or under- est imated by p  and q  t imes,  respectively.    ④ New estimated values of the latent  heat  f lux,  LFH 2 O , e f ,  are calculated from the following equation instead of LFH 2 O , f  for  al l  data,     sefOH HGqRnpLF −⋅−⋅=,2      (2) 2.2 The EBBR method     Hs  was not  measured during July 29 to Aug. 5 and Aug. 17 to Oct.  24.  In addit ion,  rel iable values can be measured only in  the restr icted range of wind direction in the case of the instrument employed here to measure  Hs .  In the above period and the other range of wind direction,  therefore,  the latent heat  f lux,  LFH 2 O , b ,  and the sensible heat  f lux,  Hb ,  are calculated by the EBBR method with the next  equations.   )1(,2 β+⋅−⋅= GqRnpLF bOH ,          (3) bOHb LFH ,2β= ,               (4) 2121eeTT dd−−= λβ ,               (5) where β is  the Bowen rat io,  λ the .3 The PM method  od,  rel iable  values evapotranspirat ion epsychrometric constant  and e(hPa) water vapor pressure.   2  In the EBBR methof LFH 2 O , b  and  Hb  can' t  be obtained in the range of -1.5< β <-0.5,  and i t  is  often found out  that  the plus  and  minus signs of LFH 2 O , b  or  Hb  are inconsistent  with  those of  e1-e2  or  Td 1 -Td 2 .  Such data can' t  be also adopted as the r ight  value of the latent  heat  f lux.  In  such cases,  potential  evapotranspirat ion calculated from the FAO Penman-Monteith equation is  used to obtain ET  and ETp  (Allen et  al . ,  1998).    The potential  (LEtp ,  W/m2) of P nman-Monteith is  calculated from the next  equation.  )()()( ρ −+⋅−⋅Δ as eeCGqRnpλ+Δ=apap rLEt , (6) where (es-ea)  represents the vapor pressure defici t  of the air,  ρ a  i s  the mean air  density,  Δ  represents the slope of the saturation vapor pressure temperature relat ionship and ra  is  the aerodynamic resistance.  The value of ra  is  calculated from the next  equation.  zhhmma ukzdzdz ⎤⎡ −⎤⎡ −zr 200lnln ⎥⎦⎢⎣⎥⎦⎢⎣= ,      (7) where zm  is  the height  of  wind e is  given for a grass latent  heat  f lux is  .4  Calculation of latent and sensible  aterally due to advection measur ments,  zh  the height  of  humidity measurements,  d  the zero plane displacement height ,  z0 m  the roughness length governing momentum transfer,  z0 h  the roughness length governing transfer  of  heat  and vapor,  k  the von Karman's constant  (0 .41) and uz  wind speed at  height  z .    The value of rareference surface with a constant  crop height  of  hg=0.12m. Therefore,  d ,  z0 m  and z0 h  are calculated from equations of 2/3hg ,  0.123hg  and 0.1z0 m ,  respect ively.  I t  is  assumed that  a  grass is  located at  the height  of  2/3hm+0.123hm ,  where hm  is  the crop height  of  maize.  Therefore,  zm  and zh  are reduced by 2/3hm+0.123hm .    The actual  calculated from the relat ionship between LEtp  and adopted LFH 2 O , b  or  LFH 2 O , e f .    2heat trans- ferred l  Th  .  Measurements .1 Observation site s conducted at  the .2 The EBBR measurement system ve 3e area of vert ical  cross section through which advection passed was supposed to be 0.6 × 0.7m2.  The quanti t ies of  latent  or  sensible  heat  transferred lateral ly due to advection in evaporation or sensible heat  from soil  surface were calculated from the difference of latent  or  sensible heat  carried horizontal ly through the vert ical  cross section at  two locations.  The averaging t ime was 30 minutes.  These values were divided by 0.7×14m2, and corrected to values per unite area of soil  surface.  The quanti t ies of  latent and sensible heat  transferred due to advection are represented in notat ions of FE A  and FH A  in W/m2,  respect ively.  The daily value in mm/day of FE A  is  represented with EA .   3  The observation waresearch f ield of  the Cukurova universi ty in Adana.  Maize was planted on June 28,  2004.  Crop heights changed from 1.43m on July 29 to 3.25m on Sept .  4,  and were almost  constant  after  that .  Irr igated water of  160mm, 102mm and 138mm was applied on July 28-29,  Aug. 11-12 and Sept.  14-15,  respectively.   3  Temperatures and the relat ihumidity at  2-3  heights were measured from July 29 to Oct.  24.  During the same period,  net  radiat ion,  the soil  heat  f luxes and the wind speed were measured with a net  radiometer,  heat  f low meters at  two locations in soil  and a cup anemometer,  respectively.      Table 1  Calculated results  of  actual  and potent ial  evapotranspirat ion (ET  and ETp ,  mm/day).    Date ET ETp Date ET ETp Date ET ETp Date ET ETp Date ET ETp7/29 5.03 5.76 8/16 5.39 5.44 9/03 5.17 5.12 9/21 4.41 4.49 10/09 2.81 3.577/30 6.05 6.53 8/17 5.17 5.10 9/04 5.10 5.08 9/22 4.35 4.45 10/10 3.02 3.457/31 5.88 6.38 8/18 6.21 6.14 9/05 5.21 5.27 9/23 3.78 4.16 10/11 3.22 3.498/01 4.90 5.37 8/19 6.14 5.92 9/06 6.10 6.56 9/24 4.33 4.30 10/12 3.17 3.598/02 6.21 7.34 8/20 6.17 5.86 9/07 5.85 5.79 9/25 3.94 4.29 10/13 2.73 3.348/03 5.55 6.30 8/21 5.78 5.56 9/08 5.52 5.33 9/26 3.90 4.19 10/14 2.73 3.108/04 5.81 6.22 8/22 5.50 5.49 9/09 4.58 5.32 9/27 3.71 3.99 10/15 2.89 3.288/05 5.69 6.45 8/23 4.72 4.61 9/10 4.32 4.58 9/28 3.79 4.20 10/16 2.75 2.998/06 5.15 5.64 8/24 5.37 5.36 9/11 5.27 6.12 9/29 3.90 4.23 10/17 2.92 3.458/07 4.87 5.09 8/25 5.57 5.84 9/12 6.33 8.21 9/30 3.54 3.85 10/18 2.83 3.308/08 4.79 5.06 8/26 5.54 5.91 9/13 5.37 5.87 10/01 3.76 3.89 10/19 2.61 3.288/09 5.18 5.61 8/27 5.49 5.55 9/14 4.58 5.00 10/02 3.54 4.18 10/20 2.25 2.938/10 4.35 4.65 8/28 5.21 5.16 9/15 4.89 5.15 10/03 3.19 3.31 10/21 2.49 3.668/11 3.93 4.74 8/29 4.62 4.81 9/16 4.63 4.84 10/04 3.88 4.47 10/22 2.65 3.018/12 5.94 5.51 8/30 5.05 5.21 9/17 4.52 4.53 10/05 4.30 5.39 10/23 2.67 3.498/13 6.68 6.18 8/31 5.06 5.24 9/18 5.07 5.12 10/06 2.76 3.43 10/24 2.72 3.288/14 6.26 5.61 9/01 4.89 5.03 9/19 4.98 4.87 10/07 2.49 2.83    8/15 5.51 5.13 9/02 4.81 4.94 9/20 4.84 4.71 10/08 3.00 3.78     3.3 The EBFR measurement system  as  .4 Measurements of wind speed, eed was measured ieasured by the .  Results .1 Results of  p·Rn ,  q·G ,  H and LFH 2 O   this  f igure,  most  or  .2  Calculated results of  actual and   Ta l ts    The sensible heat  f lux (Hs)  wmeasured by the eddy correlat ion method with a sonic anemometer during Aug. 6-16.  The sampling t ime was 10 Hz,  and the averaging t ime was 30 minutes.  During the same period,  the dry and wet bulb temperatures were measured by the self-made psychrometers with plat inum resistance thermometers at  three heights.   3temperature and humidity in a furrow under maize canopy  Horizontal  wind spw th a  hot-wire  anemometer at  the center  of  a furrow under maize canopy and the height  of  0.3m over soil  surface during Aug. 8-15.  During the same period,  the dry and wet bulb temperatures were mself-made psychrometers with plat inum resistance thermometers a t  two locations of the furrow and the same height as the hot-wire  anemometer.  The horizontal  distance between two psychrometers was 14m. The anemometer was located in the middle of two psychrometers.  The width of the furrow was 0.7m.  4 4  Fig.1  shows fluctuations with t ime of p · Rn ,   q · Q ,  H   and  LFH 2 O   measured on Aug.13.  Values of p  and q  were 0.905 and 1.28,  respectively.  H  and  LFH 2 O  are the sensible heat  f lux and the latent  heat  f lux calculated with any of three methods.    As seen from almost energy of Rn  was distr ibuted to the latent  heat  f lux.  H was negative during 11:00-24:00.  This sensible heat  was used mostly or almost as the heat for  vaporization.  Such characterist ics of  the energy balance were seen on al l  days of July 29 to Oct.  24.   4potential   evapotranspiration  ble 1   shows  calculated  resuof  actual  evpot ranspi ra t ion  (ET )  and -200-10001002003004005006000:00 6:00 12:00 18:00 0:00timep・Rn, q・ G, H and LF H2O (W/m2 )Fig.  1.   Fluctuations with t ime of  p・ Rn  ( ● ) ,  q ・ G( ■ ) ,  H  ( ▲ ) ,  LFH 2 O( ◆ )  measured on Aug.  13,  2004.   potential  evapo- t ranspirat ion (ETp) .  Larger values of ET  were obtained,  when soil  was wet and ETp  was large.  Examples of  the former were obtained on July 30  and Aug. 13,  and examples of  the lat ter  were obtained on Aug. 2,  Aug.13 and Sept.  12.   4.3 Relationship  between ET  and E+T  Fig.2  shows the relat ionship between ET  and E+T .  As seen from Fig.2 ,  values of E+T  were larger than values of ET  by 12％ .  From the result  of Fig.2 ,  the next  ypotheses wil l  be made :  ① Values of  hE+T  were overestimated,  ② Values of ET  were underest imated,  and ③ Part  of  evaporation from soil  surface was transferred lateral ly due to advection in the space of furrow under maize canopy. Here,  the hypothesis  of  ③  was examined.    y = 1.12x789y)34563 4 5 6 7 8 9E+T (y, mm/daET  (x, mm/day) Fig.2.  Relat ionship between ET  and E+T .    4.4 Results of  FE A ,and FH A     On all  measurement days,  FH A  was negligibly small .  FE A was as large as G  during the daytime,  and was negligibly small  during the nightt ime.    4.5 Relationship  between ET+EA  and E+T  Fig.3  shows the relat ionship between ET+EA  and E+T .  As seen from Fig.3 ,  values of E+T  were larger than values f  ET+EA  by 7％ .  .  Conclusion potential  days was .52mm/day,  and mean potential  evapo- m/day.  measurement and vaporation (E ,  mm/day) from soil   y = 1.07x56789E+T (y, mm/day)343 4 5 6 7 8 9ET +E A  (x, mm/day) Fig.  3.  Relat ionship between ET+EA  and E+T .   surface measured with the microlysimeter.  Values of E+T  were larger than values of ET  by 12％ .  The quanti ty of water vapor (EA ,  mm/day) t ransferred laterally due to advection in the space of furrow under maize canopy was est imated.  E+T was larger than  ET+EA by 7％ .   6.  Reference Odani,  H.,  T.  Yano and R. Kaneki,  2001:Estimation of the Water Vapor io Method,  Trans .  of  JSIDRE ,  No.213,  1-10 ( in Japanese) .   FAO .  Yano,  005:Evapotranspirat ion of Maize dana Region,  Turkey,  o Flux with the Energy Balance Flux Rat5 Actual  and Allen,  R.G. ,  L.S.  Pereira,  D. Raes,  and M. Smith,  1998: Crop eavapotranspirat ion,  Chapter  2evapotranspirat ion of maize crop were determined for 88 days of July 29 to Oct.  24,  2004.  Mean actual evapotranspirat ion for 88 Penman-Monteith equation,  FAO irrigation and drainage paper ,  Vol.56, FAO, Rome, 17-28.  Odani,  H.,  S.  Takeuchi,  M. Unlu,  K. Sasaki ,  and T4transpirat ion of Penman- Monteith was 4.83mActual  evapotranspirat ion (ET ,  mm/day) was compared with the sum of transpirat ion (T ,  mm/day) obtained from the sap flow 2Crop in AProceedings of the International  Workshop for the Research Project  on the Impact  of  Climate Change on eAgricultural  Production System in Arid Areas,  Research Insti tute for Odf the Research  Humanity and Nature ,  50-53.  ani ,  H.,  S.  Takeuchi,  K. Sasaki ,  and T.  Yano,  2006:Evapotranspirat ion,  Transpirat ion and Evaporation from Soil  Surface in a  Maize Field,  The Advance Report  oProject  on the Impact  of  Climate Change on Agricultural  Production System in Arid Areas,  Research Insti tute for Humanity and Nature ,  75-76.  

Actual Evapotranspiration and Potential Evapotranspiration of Maize Crop in Adana Region, Turkey

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Actual Evapotranspiration and Potential Evapotranspiration of Maize Crop in Adana Region, Turkey

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