唐霞

张志强

熊永兰

English

National Science Library,Chinese Academy of Sciences

?????????32??3??2016?3?? Ecological Economy, Vol. 32, No. 3 (March 2016)??????????????????????1, 2????2???2?1. ??????  ????????????  ??  730070?2. ?????  ???????????  ??  730070?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????TV213.4?F062.2       ??????A        ?????1671-4407(2016)03-020-05Dam Removal in the United States and Its Enlightenments on the Construction and Management of Dams in ChinaXIONG Yonglan1, 2, ZHANG Zhiqiang2, TANG Xia2(1. College of Geography and Environment Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou Gansu 730000, China;2. Lanzhou Library, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou Gansu 730000, China)Abstract: The scientific construction and management of dams is the foundation of ensuring the river health and realizing the ecological civilization of rivers. The United States has the second largest number of dams. After a massive dam construction, the United States has been started to demolish their dams. In recent ten years, the movement of dam removal has been accelerated. This paper investigated the strategic considerations and process of dam removal in the United States based on the analysis of the status of the dam construction and removal, and proposed several recommendations according to the current situation of dam construction and removal in China.Key words: dam removal; ecology and environment; dam safety; environmental assessment?????????????????????????????????????????????????41401623?????????????????2015381??????????1980?  ?????????????????????????????????1  ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 5000????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????Hohokam?????? 300??????????????????????? 20??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????The Army Corps of Engineers???????????????8.7????????????????????????? 1912???????????? 2014????????? 1185?????????????? 2014??????? 72?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????2  ????????2.1  ??????????? 1912??????????????????????????????????????????National Inventory of Dams?NID?2013????????? NID??????? 2013???????????????????? 87 356????20?? 20???????????????????????????????? 1950? 1970?????????????????????[1]?? 1????????? 3.1????????????????????????????????????????????32??3??2016?3?? Ecological Economy, Vol. 32, No. 3 (March 2016)3  ??????????????????Friends of the Earth????????? [2]??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 4??????????????????????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ??????4  1920s?1990s???????????3.1  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????Snake??? 80%? 95%?????????? 8???????????????? [3]??????????????????????????????US Fish and Wildlife Service????????????91%????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [4]???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Salmon??Sunbeam????????? Neuse?? Quaker Neck????? Butte?? 4?????????Walla Walla??Marie Dorian?????? [2]?3.2  ??????????????????????????????????????National Dam Safety Program?NDSP??????????????????????????????????????????????????????? NID?? NID? 2013???????? 13 260??????????????????1  ?????????????????????? ?? ?? ???????? ???????????????????????????1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014?????American Rivers??3  1999?2014??????????1999????????????1999? 2014????????? 725????????? 61.2%?? 3???????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????1800??? 1800-1899 1900-1919 1920-1949 1950-1969 1970-1989 1990-2012 ???35 00030 00025 00020 00015 00010 00050000????????????????? 15.24???????????? 83%?????? 30.48????? 1673???????? 2%??? NID????????????????????????????? 87 035?????????????????? 17%????????????????? 13%?????????? 9%??????? 8%??? 5%???????????????????? 3%?2.2  ?????????????????American Rivers?????? 20?? 20??? 2014????????? 1185????????????? 2???????????????????????????????? 8???????60.96?????????????????1920-1950 1951-1980 1981-1990 1991-2000 2001-2008 2009-2014??????/???????????/m????????? ??????????????????????????2  1920s????????????????????????32??3??2016?3?? Ecological Economy, Vol. 32, No. 3 (March 2016)???????????????????????????????????1928????? St. Francis??????? 525????20?? 70???4??????????? Buffalo Creek??????? Canyon Lake?????? Teton?????? Kelly Barnes???????300????????????????????????Association of State Dam Safety Officials???????????? 50??NID?????????????? 1/4???????????50? [5]???????????American Society of Civil Engineers?ASCE????? 2020?????????85%[6]??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Salling??????????Mussers????????? McMillan?????????????????????????3.3  ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 2? 5????????Simpson’s Pond????????? Stone Gate?????????? Bennet???????????????????????4  ??????????????????????? 3??????????????????????? [7]?4.1  ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????1?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? /??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????2?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????3????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????4??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????5??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????4.2  ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????1??????????????????????????????????????????2??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????[??????PCBs?]????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? /?????????????32??3??2016?3?? Ecological Economy, Vol. 32, No. 3 (March 2016)?3????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????4??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????5????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????4.3  ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????5  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 15?????????3.8??????????? 55.9%??????????? 2/3?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????5.1  ???????????????????? 20?? 50? 70??????????????????????????????90%???????????????? 50????????????????????? 50?? 50??????????????????????? [8]???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [9]?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????5.2  ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [10]?????????????????????????????????????96.4%?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????8??????? 60.96????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 2003??????????????????????????? 2013??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????32??3??2016?3?? Ecological Economy, Vol. 32, No. 3 (March 2016)????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [11]?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????5.3  ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 1??????????????????????????????????????????? 2??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [12]?3????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 1?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 2????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????3??????????????????????????????????????????? ?????? ??????????????4????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????5.4  ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????5.5  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 3???????????????????5%???????????????????? 3%?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????Mead Lake??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 1000????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 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美国大坝拆除对我国大坝建设与管理的启示

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美国大坝拆除对我国大坝建设与管理的启示

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