张志强

程国栋

English

National Science Library,Chinese Academy of Sciences

????:1000-6060(2001)03-243-08???????????????? 张志强1 , 2　　　　　程国栋1(1.????? ??????????????????????? ,??　730000)(2.????? ?????????? ,??　730000)?　?　?????????????????? , ??????????????????。??????????????????? ,????????????????。??????????????????????????????? ,????????????????????????????????。?? ,?????????????????。???　????　????　?????　????　?????????　Q171.4　　?????　A　　??????????????????? 、??????????? ,?????????? 、????????????? 。??????2000??????《??????2000》??〔1〕 ,?????????? 309.47? km2 ,????????? 32.2%;1999?????? 8 988.67?? ,? 1999??????125 909??? 7.14%,????? 29 ?/km2 ,??????? 131?/km2 ???? 。1999????????????(GDP)? 4 068.02?? ,???? GDP ? 4.96%。????????????????????? ,????????????????? 。??????????????? 、???????????? 、?????????????????? ,???????????? 。1　?????????????????????????????????????? 、????????????? 。??????????????〔2〕 ,????? 、??????????? 26?????????? 、????? 、????????????? 。??????????????????? ,?? ,??????????????????????。???????????? 、?????(?????)、?????(????)?????????????? ,????????????????:???? 、??? 、??????????????;????????;???? 、???????;???? ,?????? ,?????? , ???????????? 、?????????。???????? ,?《???????》????? ,??????????????(??? 、??????????)????? 331.7? km2 ,???????????????。????????????????? 262.2? km2 ,?????? 27.3%〔3〕 。???????????????? ,20?? 50???? 70???? ,????????????? 1 560km2 ,??????1.01%;70????? 80???? ,?????? 2 100km2 ,?????? 1.47%;? 90 ???????????????? 2 460km2 ?????〔4 , 5〕 。?????? 6?????????????? ,???? 188? km2 ,????????? 71.7%。?????????? 、?????????? ,??? 24?　? 3?2001? 9? 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　? ? ? ? ?ARID　LAND　GEOGRAPHY　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Vol.24　No.3Sep.　2001 ????:???????????????(??:KZCX1-10-07)??。????:???(1964—),? ,??? ,???????????? 、?????????????。????:2000-11-09;????:2001-04-15DOI :10.13826/j.cnki.cn65-1103/x.2001.03.009???????????????? , 50????5? 、60?? 8 ? 、70?? 13? 、80 ?? 14? 、90?? 23? 。2000??????????????? ,??????? 14? 。??????????????? 、???????? 、????????????????????????????????:???? ,???? 、???? ,???? 、???? 。????????????????????? 、???????????? ,??????????????????????? 。???????????????????????。???? 90%????????????? ,?????????? 200mm ?? ,?????? ,???????? 10?? ,??????????????????????? 。??????????? 2 254 ? m3 ,????? 2 150 ?m3 ,????? 7.8%;???????? 104 ?m3〔6〕。?????????? ,???? 38.5 ?m3 ,???? 636.8 ? m3 ,????? 675.3 ?m3 ,??????? 616.5? m3 ,????? 58.8? m3 ,??? 8.7%〔6〕。????????????????? ,????????? ,????????????;??????????? ,????????????? ,????????? 42%?? ,????????????? 1? m3 ??〔6〕 。????????????????????。?????????????? 8? m3/a ,?????????????? 6.34? m3/a〔2〕。2　?????????????????????? ,??????????????????????????? ,??????????? ,?????????????????? ,?? 、?? 、??????? ,???? ,??????????? 、?????????????????????。??????????:????????????????? ,?????? 、????????? ,???????????? ,??????????????;??????????????? ,???????????;???????????? ,????????????? ,??????????????? ,????????????????????? ,??????????????????????? 。????:? 2010 ? ,????????????????????????? ,????????? ,????? 、?? 、?????????????????????????????????????????????;??????????????????????????????????。????:? 2030 ? ,????????????????? ,???????? 、????????????????????????;????? 、???????????????????;????????????????????? ,???????????? ,????????? ,?????????? 。????:? 2050 ? ,???????????????????? ,????????????? ,????????? ,????????????????????? 60%?? ,??????????????????????????? ,???????? 、???? ,??????????????????? 。3　??????????????3.1　?????? 、?????????????? ,?? 、?????????????????????????? ,???????????????????????;???? ,??????????????? 、???????????????? 、?????????(???? 、?????)???? ,??????????????????????????。??????? ,?????????????????????????????????。???????????????????????????????????? ,???????????????244 ?　?　?　?　? 24 ???????????????? ,???????????????????????? ,??????????????????????????????。????????????????????????〔7 ～ 9〕:(1)?????????;(2)???;(3)????????????????????????? ,????????????? ,???????????? ,??????????? 。?????????????????????? 。???????????????? 、?????????????????????????????????????????????? 。3.2　????????????????????????????????? 、? 、?????? ,??????????????? ,?????? 。???????????????? ,??????????????????? ,?????????????????????????????。???????? ,?????????????????????????? ,??????????????????????????????????? ,????????????????????????????? ,???????????????。??????????????? ,???????????????????? ,????????????????????? ,??????????????? ,??????????????????????????? 、????????????????????? 。3.3　?????????????????????????????? ,?????????????????? ,???? 、???????? 、????????? ,????????????? ,??????????????????????? 、???????????? 。?????????????? ,?????? 、???????????? 、?????? 、???????????? ,?????????????????????? 。????????????????? ,??????????????????〔10 , 11〕 。?? ,??????????????? ,?????????????????????? ,???????????????????? ,???????????????????????????????????? ,??????????????????????????。3.4　????????????????????????????????????????? ,???????? ,??????????????????????????????? ,????????????????????????????????????????? 、?????????? ,????“??? ,???”???。????????????????? ,???? ,??????????? ,?????????? ,?????????????????????? 。????????????????????????????????? ,??????????????????????〔12〕 ,?? ,????????????????????????????????? 。3.5　??????????? 、????????????????????????????? 、??????? ,??????????????????? 、???????????????? 、???????????????????????? 。????????????????????。??????????? ,???? 、??????????????????????? 、?????? ,???????? 、????????? ,?????????? 、???????????? ,??????????????????。????????????? ,??????????????????????? 、??????????????????? 、??????????????????? 、???????????????????? ,???????????????????????????? 、??????????(?)???? 、???????????? 、????????????????2453 ?　　　　　　　　　　　　　????:????????????????　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　????? 、?????????????? ,??????????? 。?? ,??????????????????? ,??????? 、?????? ,?????????? ,??????????????????〔13〕。?? ,???????????????? ,??????????? ,???? 、??????????? 、???????????。3.6　????????????????????????????????????? 、?? 、?????? 、? 、??????????????? ,????????????????? ,??????????????????? 。?? ,????????????????????? ,????????????????。??????“???? ,???? ,???? ,????”????? 16????????? ,?????????????????????????? ,?????????????????????????????? ,??????????? 、? 、??? ,??????????????。3.7　??????????????????????????????????????????。??????“??????”???????????????????? ,??????????????????????????。??????????????????????????????? 、???????? ,??????????????????????????? 、?????????????? 、??????????? ,??????????。????????????? ,???????????????????? ,??????? ,???????????????? 64%?? 。??????????? ,??????????? 、??????? ,????????????????????? ,?????????? 、???? ,???????? ,??????????? 。??????????? ,??????????????????????? ,?:??????? 、????????????? ,???????? ,???????? ,????????????? ,??????????。?????????????????????????? 。4　??????????????????????4.1　????????????????? 62.68? km2 ,?? 7??? ,????????????? 43?km2 ,????????? 68.6%;?????????? 28 ? km2 , ?????????? 16 ?t〔14〕 ,???????????????????。(1)?????????????????? 、??????。?????????? 1690 ?hm2 ,?? ,??? 958.7? hm2 ,? 56.7%;???731.8? hm 2 ,? 43.3%〔15〕 。????????????????????? ,??????。?? ,?? 25°??? 、?????????? 4.5%??76? hm2??????;?? ,?? 20°??????;?? ,?? 15°??????。15°??????????????? ,??????????????? 。(2)???????????????????? ,?“????”??????? ,???? 、???? 、????。350mm ? 550mm ?????????????????? ,?????????? 、?????????? 、??????????。?????????????? 、??????????。(3)???????????????????????????? ,???????????????????? ,????????????? ,?????????“??—????”??????????“??—???? —??”???? 、???? 、?????????????? ,????????????????。??????????? ,??????????????????????? ,?? 、??? 、??? 、?????????????????????????? ,???????????????? ,????????? ,????????????????????。4.2　?????246 ?　?　?　?　? 24 ???????????? 、?????? 、?????????????????? ,??????230? km2 ??〔16〕 ,???? 、?????? ,??? 、?????????????? ,???????????? 200 ～ 10mm ??????? 。??????????? ,??????????????? 、???????????????????????????? 。????????????????? ,?????? 、? 、?????? ,???????????????????????。??????????????????? 、???? 、?????? 、??????? 、????????? 、???????????????????????????。????????????:(1)?????????? ,???????????????? 。????????????? ,????????? ,??????????????? ,?????????????????????? ,??????????。?????????? ,??????????????????? ,??????????? ,?????????????。(2)???????? ,????????。????????????????????? ,???????????????????? ,??????? 、???????。?????????????? 8? m3/a ,????????????? 6.34? m3/a。?? ,????????????????????????? ,???????? ,????????????????????????????????? ,???????? 、?? ,???????? ,?????????????????? 、????????。(3)????????????? —?? —???????? ,?????????????????????????〔17〕。????????????????? ,????? 、??????????????? ,???? ,?????????????? 、??????? ,??????? 、????????。(4)?????????????。?????????????(??? 、?? 、?????),????????????? ,??????????????????????????? 。4.3　?????????????? 176? km 2 ,???? 、?????? 22? km2 ,?????? 104? km2 。????????????????????????????????。????????? ,???????????????????? ,????????????? ,??????????????? ,????????。????????? 、???????“??”?????? 。????????????〔18〕:(1)???????????????? 。????????????? ,?????????????? ,????????????????????????????? ,??????? 、????????????????? ,??????? ,?????????????? ,??????????????? 。(2)??????????????????? 。????????????????? ,?????????? 、???????? ,???????????????? 、?????????? ,?????? 、????? ,???????????? ,???? ,???????????????? ,??????????????????????? 。(3)?????????????????? 。?????“??”????????? ,??“??”????????????? ,????????????????? ,???????????????????。5　?????????????5.1　??????????????????????????????????????????????????。????????? 、?? 、?? 、????????????? 、?? 、?????????????? ,??????????????? 、???? ,?????????????????? ,???????????????????;???????????? 、??????????;????????????? ,???????2473 ?　　　　　　　　　　　　　????:????????????????　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　??? ,?????????????? ,??? 、??? 、????????。5.2　???? ,????????????? ,????????????????????? ,?????????????????????? ,???????????????????????? ,???????????????? 、????????? ,????????????? 。????????????? ,?????????????????? ,???????????????? ,?????????????????? ,????????????????????????? ,???????????? ,???????????????????????。????????? ,????????????“??”(?????? 、???????? 、????)、“??”(???? 、???? 、?????)???〔11〕。5.3　???????????????????????????????? 、????? 、?????????????????????????????????????? ,???? ,?????????????????????????????????????????。5.4　?????? ,?????? ,?????????????????????????????? ,?????????? 、??????? ,??“????”????????? 、??????? 。???????????????? ,????????????????? 20%～ 30%,? 70%?????????????????????? 。??“????? 、????? 、?????”??????????????? 、????????????。??????????????????? ,???????? ,??????????? ,?? 、???????????????????????????????? 。????????????????? ,????????????? ,???????????????????。?????????? ,?????????????????? 、?????? , ?????? ,????????? ,???????????????????? ,???? 、?????? 。?? ,?????????????? ,???????? ,????????????? 。???????? ,??????? 、??? 、????????????? ,????? 、?????? 、??????????? 、?????????????? 。????????????? 、??????? ,??????????? ,??????????;??????? ,????????????????????????????? ,???? 、??????????????? ,??????? ,???????????????。5.5　???????????????????????? ,????????????????????? ,????????????????? ,???????????????? ,??“???? ,????”????? ,????“????”?“????”????? ,???????????????????????????“??”????? ,??????????????????????。?????????(????? 、?? 、?? 、???????? 、???????????)????????? 。????????????? ,????????????????????? ,?????????????。??? ,????????????????????????????????????????? 。?? ,??????????????????????????????? ,??????????????????? 、???? 、????。???????????????????? ,??????????????????????????;??????????????? 、?????????????????????? ,??????????????????? 。???????????????????? 。??????????????? 、???????????? 、???????????? ,?248 ?　?　?　?　? 24 ???????????? ,??????????????????????? 。??????????????????? ,????????????????????〔19〕 。?????? ,????? 、??? 、????????????;???????????? ,????? ,????????????? ,?????????????????? ,???????????;?? ,??????? 、????????????????????????? ,?????????????? ,???????? ,??????????????????? ,????????????。??????????????????? ,???????????? ,??“??”???????? ,??????????????????? 。????????????? ,??????? ,??????????????? ,????????????????? ,?????????????????????。5.6　??????????????? ,??????????????????????????????????????? ,?????????????。????????????????????????? ,?????????? 、???????????? ,???????????????????????。?? ,?????????????????? 。?????????????????? ,???????????????????? ,????????????????????????????????????。???????????????????????????????????? ,??????????? 、? 、??? ,??????????? ,?????????? 。5.7　??????????????????????? 90%????????????? ,??????????200mm ?? ,?????????????????????????????。????????????? 。???? 6????????? 4 000? m3 ?? ,??????????????? 2 000? m3 ??〔20〕。?? ,???????????????????????????? ,????? ,???????????????。????????????? 200 ～2 000?m3 ??〔21〕 。?????? ,???????? 200? m3 ,????????????????????? ,???????????? ,??????????????????。????????????????????? ,??????? 、?????? 、???? 、?????????? ,????????????????????????????????? ,????? ,????????????????????????????????。? ? ? ?〔1〕　??????.?????? 2000〔M〕.??:??????? , 2000.〔2〕　???.??????????????????〔M〕.??:????????? , 1999.〔3〕　CCICCD.China Country Paper to Combat Desertifi cat ion〔R〕.Bei jing:China Forest ry Publi shing House , 1996 , 18～ 31.〔4〕　??? ,? ?.??????????〔M〕.??:????? , 1989.〔5〕　?? ,???.????????? 、???????????????????〔J〕.???? , 1998 , 18(?? 1):167 ～171.〔6〕　???????.???????????????〔J〕.?????? , 2000 , 15(5):489～ 498.〔7〕　???.????????????———????????????〔N〕.???? , 1999 , 10 , 26(5).〔8〕　??? ,??? ,???.????????????????????????〔J〕.???? , 1998 ,(10):54～ 56.〔9〕　??? ,??? ,???.????????———????????????〔J〕.?????? , 2000 ,(11):7 , 9.〔10〕 ??? ,??? ,??? ,?.????????????????????〔J〕.???? , 2000 ,(1):43～ 46.〔11〕 ???.???? ,????———??????????????????〔J〕.??????? , 2000 , 15(2):130～ 132.〔12〕 ???.???????????????????.???? , 1996 , 32(1):78～ 84.〔13〕 ???.???????????????〔J〕.?????? , 2000 , 15(1):10～ 18.〔14〕 ??? ,?????.???????????〔M〕.??:????? , 1992.〔15〕 ?????????.??????????????????〔J〕.???? , 2000 ,(3):36～ 40.2493 ?　　　　　　　　　　　　　????:????????????????　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　〔16〕 ?????.???????????????〔M〕.??:????????? , 1995.〔17〕 ???.??????????????????????〔J〕.????·??·?? 2000 , 10(4):34～ 38.〔18〕 ??? ,??? ,????.????????? 、??????????〔J〕.???? , 2000 ,(8):30～ 33.〔19〕 ?? ,?? ,???.??????????????????〔M〕.??:????????? , 1999.〔20〕 ??? ,?? ,??.?????????????????????〔J〕.???? , 1999 , 54(??):29～ 37.〔21〕 ??? ,??? ,????.????.??:????? , 1999.ON SOME ISSUES AND STRATIGESOF ECOLOGICAL CONSTRUCTIONIN NORTHWEST CHINAZHANG Zhi-qiang 1 , 2　　　　CHENG Guo-dong1(1.S tate Key Laboratory of Frozen Soi l Engineer ing , Cold and Arid Regions Environmen tal and EngineeringResearch Inst itute , CAS , Lanzhou 730000;2.Scien ti f ic In forma tion Cen ter for E nvironmen t a nd Resources , CAS , Lanzhou 730000)AbstractWith an area of about 3.09×106km2 and nearly 0.9×108 population(in 1999),which accounts fo r 32.2%of the total area and 7.14% of the total population of China , Northwest China goes across 5 provinces.North-west China has vast area , and is the most vulnerable ecological area and a large ecolog ically f ragile area as aw hole.The vulnerably ecological characteristics of Northwest China are severe w ater and soil erosion , low vege-tation coverage , increasing ly degenerated grasslands , want of w ater resource , continually developed desertifica-tion , f requently occurred sand storms and so on.The status quo of ecological envi ronment of Northwest China isstill generally vulnerable , improving locally and deteriorating on the w hole , improving in short-term and deterio-rating in long-term.Ecological construction is very important to sustainable development of Northwest China .The aim of ecological const ruction in Northwest China is put forward.Based on the assessment of the eco-environmental status of No rthw est China , a number of issues that exist-ed in the ecological const ruction and needed to be solved are analyzed in the paper.These issues are as follow s:the past evolution of the envi ronment and vegetation of No rthw est China and the vegetation construction , theenvironmental change in the future and its influence to the vegetat ion const ruction , the scientific program andplan , the w ater resources carrying capacity to the artificially large scale vegetation construction , the developmentand application of the techniques of the ecological construct ion , the system of the policies and law s concerned toecological construction , the relationship betw een the ecological const ruction and the sustainable development ofthe local economy .These issues include no t only scientific problems but also social ones.To research and solvethese issues w ill help construct the scientif ic and social suppo rt sy stem for the ecological const ruction of North-west China.Northwest China region can be divided into three major ecological districts according to it s ecologicalcharacteristics.To the three major dif ferent ecological districts , different strat igies of ecological const ruct ion arerecommended in the paper.In the end , some countermeasures and policy proposals are suggested fo r the ecologi-cal construction in Northwest China.Key words:Eco-environment;Ecological const ruction;Sustainable development;Northwest China.250 ?　?　?　?　? 24 ?

论西北地区生态环境建设问题与战略

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论西北地区生态环境建设问题与战略

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