Paolo Mangiafico

National Science Library,Chinese Academy of Sciences

Open Accessat Duke UniversityStrategic Directions and Tactical ApproachesPaolo MangiaficoBerlin8 Open Access ConferenceOctober 2010, BeijingA little bit about Duke• Located in Durham, North Carolina, USA• Founded in 1924, endowed by Duke family• 6400 undergraduate / 7200 graduate students• 1800 faculty / 33,000 employees (including Medical facilities)• Usually ranked among the top 10 universities in the United StatesHistory of Open Access at Duke1997 1998 2002 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010Proto-CC License for the Digital ScriptoriumHistory of Open Access at Duke1997 1998 2002 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010Duke Law begins publishing open access journalsHistory of Open Access at Duke1997 1998 2002 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010Center for the Study of the Public Domain foundedHistory of Open Access at Duke1997 1998 2002 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010Duke Law Scholarship Repository launchesHistory of Open Access at Duke1997 1998 2002 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010ScholComm office created at Duke LibrariesHistory of Open Access at Duke1997 1998 2002 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010DukeSpace repository launched with ETDsHistory of Open Access at Duke1997 1998 2002 2005 2006 20072008 2009 2010Duke Libraries web site gets CC BY-NC-SA licenseHistory of Open Access at Duke1997 1998 2002 2005 2006 20072008 2009 2010Duke Medical Library provides support for OAHistory of Open Access at Duke1997 1998 2002 2005 2006 20072008 2009 2010Director of Digital Information Strategy position createdHistory of Open Access at Duke1997 1998 2002 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010Durham Statement on Open Access to Legal ScholarshipHistory of Open Access at Duke1997 1998 2002 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010Digital Futures Task Force appointedDuke Strategic Plan - 2006• Increase the Capacity of our Faculty to Develop and Communicate Disciplinary and Interdisciplinary Knowledge• Attract the Best Graduate and Professional Students and Fully Engage Them in the Creation and Transmission of Knowledge• Lead and Innovate in the Creation, Management, and Delivery of Scholarly Resources in Support of Teaching and Research• Knowledge in the Service of Society:  A Duke SignatureMaking a DifferenceA New Model of Education: Collaboration and ConnectionOpen Access and longevity• “Preservation is sharing into the future”Mark Ratliff, Princeton University• Things that are out of sight are out of mind, and things that are out of mind are more likely to be overlooked and lost.• Things that are used are more likely to be refreshed and preserved for future use. Open access will help keep research in public view, and help it be well used.• Open access also makes it easier for us to make and distribute copies, which helps ensure that there is no single point of failure that will lead to loss.• In an environment where we buy less and lease more, being able to make and keep copies at least of the work of our own faculty helps with preservation and access to it.An Open Access policy1997 1998 2002 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010Draft OA policy reviewed and revised by facultyAn Open Access policyKey elements of the policy• Each faculty author grants to Duke non-exclusive permission to reproduce and distribute freely their scholarly articles, and to authorize others to do so, provided they are not sold.• This license is the default position, but faculty can choose to opt out or embargo open access for any reason. • The author remains the copyright owner, and can choose to exercise their copyright or release it to others if they wish.• It is not a mandate in that additional pro-active work is not required of faculty authors, but it does set a default license to allow open access, to be coupled with a service model and connected to other existing reporting processes and obligations to collect the publications themselves.An Open Access policyMain concerns of faculty around adoption of the policy• For it in principle, but worried about additional administrative burdens in practice.• Bad experiences with NIH submission process• Compliance issues are “sucking the joy out of research”• Answer: The policy calls on Library to create a service model to make participation as convenient as possible• Cost• At a time of budget cuts, why spend money on something that is not essential?• Answer: This is part of the university’s strategic mission, and we’ll find ways to cover many of the relatively small costs by displacing other less important servicesAn Open Access policyOther concerns of faculty around adoption of the policy• Effect on small publishers• especially if Duke or a downstream user can sell and compete with the original publisher• Dilution of citations• address this by referencing published version in the Duke repository copy, and encouraging readers to cite that rather than the Duke copy• Applicability to works other than peer-reviewed articles (i.e., novels)• policy applies only to peer-reviewed articles where financial compensation is not the norm anyway• Irrevocable clause• intention is to make it irrevocable by third-parties, but faculty can opt out at any timeAn Open Access policy1997 1998 2002 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010Discussion of the policy by the Academic CouncilAn Open Access policy1997 1998 2002 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010Adoption of the policy by the Academic CouncilWhat we’re working on nowDevelopment of a service-based model• a scholarly communications intern is doing a lot of the manual work to check rights and upload materials for faculty or departments who are interested in batch loading their works now• a repository developer is working on some automated processes to collect citations from bibliographic sources, and where possible, collect the publications too• subject librarians will work with faculty to request new publications and ones where we need an author's version rather than published version• we are working to connect the open access repository to the new faculty reporting and profile system, so publications made available in the repository and citations collected in the process of populating it will also contribute to the annual reporting process and public profiles of faculty, hopefully reducing the work faculty themselves need to do to keep this component of their report/profile up to date, and being a service to them while meeting OA repository goalsWhat we’re working on now1997 1998 2002 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010Developing an open access journal publishing serviceWhat we’re working on now1997 1998 2002 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010Removing barriers for faculty to choose OA journalsWhat we’re working on now1997 1998 2002 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010Raising awareness about Open Access• Overcoming the attitude of “I understand why this is desirable in principle, but is it really worth the effort and cost in practice?”• We were successful in making the pitch to faculty and administrative leadership that this was important and desirable, and now there's an expectation that it will happen quickly and comprehensively, something that's going to be difficult to do without additional new resources.• Developing a service model that will not add significant additional administrative burdens for faculty is difficult. We’d like this to be perceived as a service rather than an obligation, and are working to integrate it with existing processes to reduce the number of times faculty authors are asked to submit citations and publications for university purposes, and provide some visible collateral benefits to them as individuals in the end result.Challenges of the process so farChallenges of the process so far• Implementation of this program is not tasked to a single department with clear reporting lines and funding and decision making processes. While the distributed and collaborative nature of planning and implementation is helpful in that it's building awareness of the issues across multiple areas and is spreading the workload, it also means we have to do a lot of negotiation for any new steps, and rely on a number of individuals to essentially volunteer their time to make things work. As a result, development is slower.• The out-of-the-box technologies available for open access repositories seem outdated, and we'd like to update them to have a more Web2.0-style feel, with comments, trackbacks, article-level-metrics, sharing functions, embed codes, sophisticated analytics. All these things can be done, but we need to get the basics done first, so it will take some time before we get to these added-value services.• We know that some of what we’re doing is promoting disruptive change in the scholarly communications ecosystem.• While we intend to do this to stimulate changes that will make scholarly communications models be more in line with the mission of universities, at the same time we have to be careful that we do not destroy current models before we have new models in place, or cause unintentional harm to members of our community.• It’s an ecosystem in flux, and lots of parts are interdependent. Navigating these interdependencies effectively while they are all moving at different paces is a challenge.Challenges of the process so farSetting the default to openness• Despite the challenges, openness and sharing of knowledge is the cornerstone of education, and we will continue to work toward making open access to more of our research and teaching materials be the default rather than the exception.• Open Access benefits both the university and the scholars themselves, now and into the future.• Open Access makes real Duke’s strategic goal of “knowledge in the service of society.”What’s next?1997 2002 2007 2008 2009 20112010 . . .• Doing more to promote• Open data• Open science• Open educational resources• Educating about principles and practices of all of the above, and providing support for technology platforms and services to help our community make effective use of them.James Boyle on the three phases of open access:1997 2002 2007 2008 2009 20112010 . . .Open Access 1.0Get more publications to more readers at lower costOpen Access 2.0Make larger sets of publications able to be analyzed by computersOpen Access 3.0Make a machine-created map of connections based on the machine-analysisFor more informationhttp://library.duke.edu/openaccess/Paolo Mangiaficopaolo.mangiafico@duke.eduDirector of Digital Information StrategyDuke UniversityDurham, North Carolina, USA

Open Access at Duke University: Strategic Directions and Tactical Approaches

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National Science Library,Chinese Academy of Sciences