Oudere automobilisten vormen een groep met unieke kenmerken. Enerzijds hebben ze vaak heel veel rijervaring, anderzijds kan er sprake zijn van leeftijdgerelateerde achteruitgang in visuele, cogitieve en motorische functies die de verkeersveiligheid kan verminderen. Recent op de markt gebrachte "Advanced Driver Assistance Systems"(ADAS), bedoeld om automobilisten in het algemeen te ondersteunen, sluiten niet noodzakelijkerwijze goed aan bij de behoeften van oudere automobilisten, al dan niet met functiebeperkingen. Op grond van hun specifieke ongevalsprofiel en unieke kenmerken kunnen oudere automobilisten in het bijzonder baat hebben bij het vooraf aanbieden van relevante verkeersinformatie, waardoor er in complexe verkeerssituaties minder tijdsdruk is en minder noodzaak is om de aandacht te verdelen. In dit proefschrift wordt een ADAS onderzocht dat informatie geeft over voorrang, snelheid, oversteekmogelijkheden en volgafstand. Het systeem is longitudinaaal onderzocht bij gezonde oudere automobilisten, automobilisten met de ziekte van Parkinson en jonge onervaren automobilisten. Veranderingen in rijgedrag en in subjectieve beoordelingen voortkomend uit het gebruik van ADAS worden onderzocht in relatie tot korte en langere duur van het gebruik, maar ook in relatie tot het weghalen van de ADAS ondersteuning nadat er verscheidene achtereenvolgende sessies gebruik van is gemaakt

Dotzauer, Mandy

Oudere automobilisten vormen een groep met unieke kenmerken. Enerzijds hebben ze vaak heel veel rijervaring, anderzijds kan er sprake zijn van leeftijdgerelateerde achteruitgang in visuele, cogitieve en motorische functies die de verkeersveiligheid kan verminderen. Recent op de markt gebrachte "Advanced Driver Assistance Systems"(ADAS), bedoeld om automobilisten in het algemeen te ondersteunen, sluiten niet noodzakelijkerwijze goed aan bij de behoeften van oudere automobilisten, al dan niet met functiebeperkingen. Op grond van hun specifieke ongevalsprofiel en unieke kenmerken kunnen oudere automobilisten in het bijzonder baat hebben bij het vooraf aanbieden van relevante verkeersinformatie, waardoor er in complexe verkeerssituaties minder tijdsdruk is en minder noodzaak is om de aandacht te verdelen. In dit proefschrift wordt een ADAS onderzocht dat informatie geeft over voorrang, snelheid, oversteekmogelijkheden en volgafstand. Het systeem is longitudinaaal onderzocht bij gezonde oudere automobilisten, automobilisten met de ziekte van Parkinson en jonge onervaren automobilisten. Veranderingen in rijgedrag en in subjectieve beoordelingen voortkomend uit het gebruik van ADAS worden onderzocht in relatie tot korte en langere duur van het gebruik, maar ook in relatie tot het weghalen van de ADAS ondersteuning nadat er verscheidene achtereenvolgende sessies gebruik van is gemaakt.Older drivers make up a group of drivers with unique characteristics. Older drivers have a tremendous amount of driving experience; at the same time, age-related visual, motor and cognitive declines might affect driving safety. Currently marketed Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS), which in general are intended to support drivers, do not necessarily fit the needs of older drivers with and without impairments. Based on their specific crash profile and unique characteristics, older drivers might be helped by the provision of relevant traffic information in advance reducing the time pressure and divided attention requirements. In this thesis, an ADAS, providing information about traffic and speed limit signs, speeding, and following distance, has been proposed and tested in a longer-term driving simulator study with a group of healthy older drivers, drivers diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease (PD), and young inexperienced drivers. Changes in driving performance and in subjective ratings in response to ADAS use are investigated with respect to effects of short-term and longer-term practice, but also with respect to ADAS removal after completing several consecutive sessions with ADAS

ARTS repository - University of Groningen

   University of GroningenLonger-term effects of ADAS use on driving performance of healthy older drivers and driversdiagnosed with Parkinson’s diseaseDotzauer, MandyIMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite fromit. Please check the document version below.Document VersionPublisher's PDF, also known as Version of recordPublication date:2015Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research databaseCitation for published version (APA):Dotzauer, M. (2015). Longer-term effects of ADAS use on driving performance of healthy older drivers anddrivers diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease. [Thesis fully internal (DIV), University of Groningen]. [S.n.].CopyrightOther than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of theauthor(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons).The publication may also be distributed here under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, indicated by the “Taverne” license.More information can be found on the University of Groningen website: https://www.rug.nl/library/open-access/self-archiving-pure/taverne-amendment.Take-down policyIf you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediatelyand investigate your claim.Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons thenumber of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum.Download date: 30-10-2023CURRICULUM VITAE CURRICULUM VITAE 220  PERSONAL INFORMATION  Place of Birth:  Bad Salzungen, Germany Nationality:   German Date of Birth:  03 May 1982 EDUCATION  04 | 2010- 04 | 2014     University of Groningen Groningen, Netherlands PhD Student 10 | 2007- 11 | 2009              Technische Universität Berlin Berlin, Germany Master of Sciences in Human Factors 08 | 2006- 10 | 2007            Saint Leo University Gainesville, FL, USA Bachelor of Arts in Business Administration Management 08 | 2003- 08 | 2005             Saint Leo University Gainesville, FL, USA Bachelor of Arts in Psychology 08 | 2001- 05 | 2003             Santa Fe Community College Gainesville, FL, USA Associate of Arts in Psychology 07 | 2001                Jules- Verne- Oberschule Berlin, Germany University Entrance Diploma WORK EXPERIENCE  07 | 2014- present German Aerospace Center Brunswick, Germany Researcher 04 | 2010- 04 | 2014     University of Groningen Groningen, Netherlands Researcher  CURRICULUM VITAE 221  11 | 2008- 03 | 2010             Technische Universität Berlin Berlin, Germany Tutor at the Department of Human- Machine Systems  PUBLICATIONS   Dotzauer, M., De Waard, D., Caljouw, S.R., Poehler, G., Brouwer, W.H. (2014). Behavioral adaptation of young and older drivers to an intersection crossing advisory system. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 74, 24-32. doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2014.09.030. Dotzauer, M., Caljouw, S.R., De Waard, D., Brouwer, W.H. (2014a). Longer-term effects of ADAS use on speed and headway control in drivers diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease. Traffic Injury Prevention. doi: 10.1080/15389588.2014.909037.  Dotzauer, M., Caljouw, S.R., De Waard, D. & Brouwer, W.H. (2013a). Intersection assistance: A safe solution for older drivers? Accident Analysis & Prevention, 59, 522-528. doi: 10.1016/j.aap.201307.024.  Dotzauer, M., De Waard, D., Caljouw, S.R., Brouwer, W.H. (2013b). Longer-term exposure to an intersection assistant: Effects of ADAS use on intersection performance of drivers diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease. International Journal of Human Factors and Ergonomics, 2(4), 223-245. doi: 10.1504/IJHFE.2013.059376.  Dotzauer, M. (2013). Researching safety issues with intersection assistance systems for the older driver. In Stevens, A., Krems, J. & Brusques, C. (eds.). Driver adaptation to information and assistance systems (pp. 123-143). Stevenage, UK: IET. Dotzauer, M., Berthon-Donk, V., Beggiato, M., Haupt, J. & Piccinini, G. (2013).Methods to assess behavioural adaptation over time as a result of ADAS use. In Stevens, A., Krems, J. & Brusques, C. (eds.). Driver adaptation to information and assistance systems (pp. 35-55). Stevenage, UK: IET. Dotzauer, M., Piccinini, G., Haupt, J., Beggiato, M., Berthon-Donk, V., Wege,C., Bueno, M., Hajek, W., Bhatti, G. & Gouy, M. (2012). Design of longitudinal studies in driving simulators and real traffic conditions. Public deliverable.www.adaptation-itn.eu. Brouwer, W.H. & Dotzauer, M. (2011). Compensating age-related impairments of older drivers by technological measures. CURRICULUM VITAE 222  In Twisk, D. & Nickel, W. (eds). Fit to drive. Paper presented at The 5th International Traffic Expert Congress, The Hague (pp. 89-92). Bonn: Kirschbaum Verlag. Wege, C., Victor, T., Brusque, C., Bueno Garcia, M., Beggiato, M., Berthon-Donk, V., Dotzauer, M., Gouy, M., Hajek, W., Haupt, J., Pereira, M. & Piccinini, G. (2010). ADAS within the ADAPTATION project- Function selection, benchmark, behavioural adaptation effects and conceptual framework development. Public deliverable. www.adaptation-itn.eu.         

English

Longer-term effects of ADAS use on driving performance of healthy older drivers and drivers diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease

NARCIS 

University of Groningen

University of Groningen Research Database

  
 University of Groningen
Longer-term effects of ADAS use on driving performance of healthy older drivers and drivers
diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease
Dotzauer, Mandy
IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from
it. Please check the document version below.
Document Version
Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record
Publication date:
2015
Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database
Citation for published version (APA):
Dotzauer, M. (2015). Longer-term effects of ADAS use on driving performance of healthy older drivers and
drivers diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease [S.l.]: [S.n.]
Copyright
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Download date: 11-02-2018
  
Longer-term effects of ADAS use on driving performance of 
healthy older drivers and drivers diagnosed with Parkinson’s 
disease 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Mandy Dotzauer 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ISBN (book): 978-90-367-7533-5 
ISBN (e-pub): 978-90-367-7532-8 
Printed by: Gildeprint Drukkerijen - Enschede 
© 2014, Mandy Dotzauer, Groningen, The Netherlands 
All rights reserved. No parts of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any 
forms or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or 
any information storage and retrieval system, without the written permission of the author. 
 
 
 
 
 
Longer-term effects of ADAS use on driving 
performance of healthy older drivers and drivers 
diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease 
 
 
 
 PhD thesis 
 
 
 
 
to obtain the degree of PhD at the 
University of Groningen 
on the authority of the 
Rector Magnificus Prof. E. Sterken 
and in accordance with  
the decision by the College of Deans. 
 
 
 This thesis will be defended in public on 
 
Wednesday 21 January 2015 at 14.30 hours 
 
 
 
by 
 
 
 
Mandy Dotzauer  
 
born on 3 May 1982 
in Bad Salzungen, Germany  
Supervisor 
Prof.  W.H. Brouwer  
 
 
Co-supervisors 
Dr. D. de Waard 
Dr. S.R. Caljouw  
 
 
Assessment committee 
Prof. J. Krems 
Prof. K.A. Brookhuis 
Prof. O.M. Tucha 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 
 
5 
 
1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... 11 
 
2 WHY RESEARCH OLDER DRIVERS AND DRIVERS’ SUPPORT ................ 17 
2.1 Road traffic safety ....................................................................................................... 18 
2.2 Demographic changes ................................................................................................. 23 
2.3 Age-related impairments, diseases/disorders, and driving performance ..................... 24 
 
3 ADVANCED DRIVER ASSISTANCE SYSTEMS ............................................... 31 
3.1 New developments, potential benefits, and problems ................................................. 32 
3.2 Previous research......................................................................................................... 36 
3.2.1 Intelligent speed adaptation ............................................................................. 37 
3.2.2 Forward collision warning .............................................................................. 39 
3.2.3 Intersection assistance ..................................................................................... 41 
3.3 Drawbacks, unanswered questions, and the need for further research ........................ 45 
3.4 Experimental set-up..................................................................................................... 48 
3.5 Proposed ADAS .......................................................................................................... 49 
3.5.1 Traffic sign recognition ................................................................................... 50 
3.5.2 Speed advisory ................................................................................................ 51 
3.5.3 Intersection assistance ..................................................................................... 52 
3.5.4 Collision warning ............................................................................................ 53 
3.5.5 Overview of projected information ................................................................. 54 
 
4 INTERSECTION ASSISTANCE: A SAFE SOLUTION FOR OLDER 
DRIVERS? .......................................................................................................................... 57 
4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 59 
4.2 Methods ....................................................................................................................... 63 
4.2.1 Participants ...................................................................................................... 63 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 
 
6 
 
4.2.2 Apparatus ........................................................................................................ 64 
4.2.3 ADAS .............................................................................................................. 64 
4.2.4 Design ............................................................................................................. 65 
4.2.5 Procedure ......................................................................................................... 65 
4.2.6 Data analysis and dependent measures ........................................................... 66 
4.3 Results ......................................................................................................................... 67 
4.3.1 Gaze behavior .................................................................................................. 67 
4.3.2 Intersection time .............................................................................................. 68 
4.3.3 Speed information ........................................................................................... 69 
4.3.4 Time-to-collision ............................................................................................. 70 
4.4 Discussion ................................................................................................................... 72 
4.5 Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 75 
  
5 BEHAVIORAL ADAPTATION OF YOUNG AND OLDER DRIVERS TO AN 
INTERSECTION CROSSING ADVISORY SYSTEM .................................................. 77 
5.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 79 
5.2 Methods ....................................................................................................................... 82 
5.2.1 Participants ...................................................................................................... 82 
5.2.2 Apparatus ........................................................................................................ 83 
5.2.3 ADAS .............................................................................................................. 83 
5.2.4 Design ............................................................................................................. 84 
5.2.5 Procedure ......................................................................................................... 85 
5.2.6 Data analysis and dependent measures ........................................................... 86 
5.3 Results ......................................................................................................................... 87 
5.3.1 Gaze behavior .................................................................................................. 87 
5.3.2 Driving performance in intersections .............................................................. 89 
5.4 Discussion ................................................................................................................... 95 
5.5 Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 98 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 
 
7 
 
 
6 LONGER-TERM EXPOSURE TO AN INTERSECTION ASSISTANT: 
EFFECTS OF ADAS USE ON INTERSECTION PERFORMANCE OF OLDER 
DRIVERS DIAGNOSED WITH PARKINSON’S DISEASE ...................................... 101 
6.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 103 
6.2 Methods ..................................................................................................................... 106 
6.2.1 Participants .................................................................................................... 106 
6.2.2 Apparatus ...................................................................................................... 107 
6.2.3 ADAS ............................................................................................................ 108 
6.2.4 Design ........................................................................................................... 108 
6.2.5 Procedure ....................................................................................................... 109 
6.2.6 Data analysis and dependent measures ......................................................... 110 
6.3 Results ....................................................................................................................... 111 
6.3.1 Subjective ratings .......................................................................................... 111 
6.3.2 Performance on intersections ........................................................................ 114 
6.4 Discussion ................................................................................................................. 121 
6.5 Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 125 
 
7 LONGER-TERM EFFECT OF ADAS USE ON SPEED AND HEADWAY 
CONTROL IN DRIVERS DIAGNOSED WITH PARKINSON’S DISEASE ........... 127 
7.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 129 
7.2 Methods ..................................................................................................................... 132 
7.2.1 Participants .................................................................................................... 132 
7.2.2 Apparatus ...................................................................................................... 133 
7.2.4 Design ........................................................................................................... 134 
7.2.5 Procedure ....................................................................................................... 135 
7.2.6 Data analysis and dependent measures ......................................................... 135 
7.3 Results ....................................................................................................................... 136 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 
 
8 
 
7.3.1 Speed and speeding (speed limit 50 km/h).................................................... 136 
7.3.2 Speed and speeding (speed limit 70 km/h)...................................................  137 
7.3.2 Time headway in the car-following task ......................................................  140 
7.4 Discussion ................................................................................................................. 141 
7.5 Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 142 
 
8 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION ..................................................................... 145 
8.1 Healthy older drivers ................................................................................................. 148 
8.1.1 Performance in intersections  ........................................................................ 148 
8.1.2 Speed and headway control ........................................................................... 150 
8.2 Drivers diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease ............................................................. 151 
8.2.1 Performance in intersections  ........................................................................ 151 
8.2.2 Speed and headway control  .......................................................................... 152 
8.3 Young inexperienced drivers .................................................................................... 154 
8.3.1 Performance in intersections  ........................................................................ 154 
8.3.2 Speed and headway control  .......................................................................... 155 
8.4 General conclusion .................................................................................................... 156 
8.5 Shortcomings and drawbacks .................................................................................... 159 
8.6 Further research ......................................................................................................... 160 
9  DUTCH SUMMARY .............................................................................................. 165  
  9.1 Hoofdstuk 4 ............................................................................................................... 168 
  9.2 Hoofdstuk 5 ............................................................................................................... 169 
  9.3 Hoofdstuk 6 ............................................................................................................... 169 
  9.4 Hoofdstuk 7 ............................................................................................................... 170 
  9.5 Hoofdstuk 8 ............................................................................................................... 171 
10  ACADEMIC SUMMARY ...................................................................................... 173 
  10.1 Chapter 4 .................................................................................................................. 176 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 
 
9 
 
  10.2  Chapter 5 ................................................................................................................. 176 
  10.3. Chapter 6 ................................................................................................................. 177 
  10.4  Chapter 7 ................................................................................................................. 178 
  10.5  Chapter 8 ................................................................................................................. 178 
REFERENCES ................................................................................................................. 181 
APPENDICES .................................................................................................................. 205 
APPENDIX A: Analysis of acceptance ratings ........................................................ 206 
APPENDIX B: Analysis of gaze behavior (drivers with PD) ................................... 208 
APPENDIX C : Speed and speeding (young drivers) ............................................... 211 
APPENDIX D : Time headway (young drivers) ....................................................... 213 
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................. 215 
CURRICULUM VITAE .................................................................................................. 219 
 
 
 


   University of GroningenLonger-term effects of ADAS use on driving performance of healthy older drivers and driversdiagnosed with Parkinson’s diseaseDotzauer, MandyIMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite fromit. Please check the document version below.Document VersionPublisher's PDF, also known as Version of recordPublication date:2015Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research databaseCitation for published version (APA):Dotzauer, M. (2015). Longer-term effects of ADAS use on driving performance of healthy older drivers anddrivers diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease. [Thesis fully internal (DIV), University of Groningen]. [S.n.].CopyrightOther than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of theauthor(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons).The publication may also be distributed here under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, indicated by the “Taverne” license.More information can be found on the University of Groningen website: https://www.rug.nl/library/open-access/self-archiving-pure/taverne-amendment.Take-down policyIf you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediatelyand investigate your claim.Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons thenumber of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum.Download date: 16-07-2023CURRICULUM VITAE CURRICULUM VITAE 220  PERSONAL INFORMATION  Place of Birth:  Bad Salzungen, Germany Nationality:   German Date of Birth:  03 May 1982 EDUCATION  04 | 2010- 04 | 2014     University of Groningen Groningen, Netherlands PhD Student 10 | 2007- 11 | 2009              Technische Universität Berlin Berlin, Germany Master of Sciences in Human Factors 08 | 2006- 10 | 2007            Saint Leo University Gainesville, FL, USA Bachelor of Arts in Business Administration Management 08 | 2003- 08 | 2005             Saint Leo University Gainesville, FL, USA Bachelor of Arts in Psychology 08 | 2001- 05 | 2003             Santa Fe Community College Gainesville, FL, USA Associate of Arts in Psychology 07 | 2001                Jules- Verne- Oberschule Berlin, Germany University Entrance Diploma WORK EXPERIENCE  07 | 2014- present German Aerospace Center Brunswick, Germany Researcher 04 | 2010- 04 | 2014     University of Groningen Groningen, Netherlands Researcher  CURRICULUM VITAE 221  11 | 2008- 03 | 2010             Technische Universität Berlin Berlin, Germany Tutor at the Department of Human- Machine Systems  PUBLICATIONS   Dotzauer, M., De Waard, D., Caljouw, S.R., Poehler, G., Brouwer, W.H. (2014). Behavioral adaptation of young and older drivers to an intersection crossing advisory system. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 74, 24-32. doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2014.09.030. Dotzauer, M., Caljouw, S.R., De Waard, D., Brouwer, W.H. (2014a). Longer-term effects of ADAS use on speed and headway control in drivers diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease. Traffic Injury Prevention. doi: 10.1080/15389588.2014.909037.  Dotzauer, M., Caljouw, S.R., De Waard, D. & Brouwer, W.H. (2013a). Intersection assistance: A safe solution for older drivers? Accident Analysis & Prevention, 59, 522-528. doi: 10.1016/j.aap.201307.024.  Dotzauer, M., De Waard, D., Caljouw, S.R., Brouwer, W.H. (2013b). Longer-term exposure to an intersection assistant: Effects of ADAS use on intersection performance of drivers diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease. International Journal of Human Factors and Ergonomics, 2(4), 223-245. doi: 10.1504/IJHFE.2013.059376.  Dotzauer, M. (2013). Researching safety issues with intersection assistance systems for the older driver. In Stevens, A., Krems, J. & Brusques, C. (eds.). Driver adaptation to information and assistance systems (pp. 123-143). Stevenage, UK: IET. Dotzauer, M., Berthon-Donk, V., Beggiato, M., Haupt, J. & Piccinini, G. (2013).Methods to assess behavioural adaptation over time as a result of ADAS use. In Stevens, A., Krems, J. & Brusques, C. (eds.). Driver adaptation to information and assistance systems (pp. 35-55). Stevenage, UK: IET. Dotzauer, M., Piccinini, G., Haupt, J., Beggiato, M., Berthon-Donk, V., Wege,C., Bueno, M., Hajek, W., Bhatti, G. & Gouy, M. (2012). Design of longitudinal studies in driving simulators and real traffic conditions. Public deliverable.www.adaptation-itn.eu. Brouwer, W.H. & Dotzauer, M. (2011). Compensating age-related impairments of older drivers by technological measures. CURRICULUM VITAE 222  In Twisk, D. & Nickel, W. (eds). Fit to drive. Paper presented at The 5th International Traffic Expert Congress, The Hague (pp. 89-92). Bonn: Kirschbaum Verlag. Wege, C., Victor, T., Brusque, C., Bueno Garcia, M., Beggiato, M., Berthon-Donk, V., Dotzauer, M., Gouy, M., Hajek, W., Haupt, J., Pereira, M. & Piccinini, G. (2010). ADAS within the ADAPTATION project- Function selection, benchmark, behavioural adaptation effects and conceptual framework development. Public deliverable. www.adaptation-itn.eu.         

Longer-term effects of ADAS use on driving performance of healthy older drivers and drivers diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease

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