Foraging in a dynamic environment: movement and stable isotope ecology of marine top predators breeding at the Prince Edward Archipelago

Abstract

Marine ecosystems are experiencing rapid changes due to climate change. The associated temporal and spatial changes in resource distribution impacts on the foraging behaviour of marine top predators. If these changes negatively affect the ability of marine predators to forage efficiently, there may be dire consequences for their populations. However, evidence of foraging plasticity during adverse conditions, or generalist foraging behaviour, can allow inference about the resilience of species to environmental change and provide essential knowledge towards effective and proactive conservation measures. I examined plasticity in the trophic ecology of 12 marine predator species breeding on Marion Island, southern Indian Ocean, over three years (2015 – 2018), a period characterized by pronounced environmental variability. Firstly, I correlated behavioural states inferred along the GPS tracks of incubating wandering, grey-headed, sooty and light-mantled albatrosses to environmental variables that are indicative of biologically productive oceanographic features. Secondly, I analysed δ13C and δ15N blood values in 12 marine predator species (the afore-mentioned albatrosses as well as king, gentoo, macaroni and eastern rockhopper penguins, northern and southern giant petrels and Antarctic and sub-Antarctic fur seals) over two seasons: summer and autumn. My results revealed that the foraging behaviour of all the species is, to some degree, either plastic (temporally variable isotopic niche) or general (large isotopic niche which remained similar over time), except for the king penguin (small isotopic niche which remained similar over time), a known foraging specialist. Furthermore, despite their dynamic foraging behaviour, resource partitioning among the predators was maintained over time. Due to the ease and relatively low cost of collecting tissues for stable isotope analysis it has the potential to be a powerful tool to monitor the trophic ecology of marine predators. I thus used my simultaneously collected dataset of GPS tracks with the stable isotope blood compositions to investigate some of the assumptions underlying the inferences made from marine predator δ13C and δ15N blood values. I reconstructed species- and guild- specific δ13C and δ15N isoscapes for eight seabird species. Following this, I coupled individual-based movement models of northern giant petrels with global marine isotope models to explore the sensitivity of tissue δ13C values to a range of extrinsic (environmental) and intrinsic (behavioural, physiological) drivers. My results demonstrate the strong influence of reference isoscapes on the inference of stable isotope compositions of marine predators. Furthermore, I show that caution should be used when using non-species-specific or temporally inaccurate isoscapes. I furthermore demonstrate that biological interactions, such as competition for food resources, either past or present, as well as spatio-temporal distribution of food patches strongly influence the foraging behaviour of marine predators. These findings highlight the importance of integrating biological interactions in species distribution models which are used to predict possible distributional shifts of marine predators in the context of global changes. My thesis further developed previously available methods and presents a novel approach to investigate sources of variance in the stable isotopic composition of animals’ tissues