Kerbel, Claudia

English

Texas A&amp;M Repository

.. 8-1272 othes That Care-Flame Resistant Protection" TOoe ZTA245.7 8873 NQ.'2'T2 Texas Agricultural Extension Service . The Texas A&M University System Daniel C. Pfannstiel, Director, College Station, Texas , • Clothes That Care-Flame Resistant Protection Claudia Kerbel * Concern for a safer environment has led to changes in many of the everyday products we use , including clothing . In the' past dec-ade, flame-resistant (FR) garments and fabrics have become more available than ever before. Consumers can now choose from a growing variety of styles in children 's and adult's sizes . Home sew-ers can buy fabrics, threads and trims that are flame resistant. Since many of the finishes and fibers are new, some flame-resistant clothing and fabrics have undesirable characteristics . However, research on FR fabrics and fibers promises improvements in care, performance , durability, and cost. This publication focuses on who needs FR protection , how F fabrics are different from other fabrics , how to care for FR clothing, how consumers can express opinions about flame-resistant gar-ments and how consumers can avoid fires at home. Protection For . .. Certain groups are more likely to be involved in clothing fire accidents than others . Many victims of fabric burns are those least able to help themselves . Statistics indicate that children and the elderly are injured by burning fabrics more often than others . In both of these age groups , burn ing fabric accidents occur more fr quently than in their proportional share of the population . People whose reflexes are slowed by drugs , alcohol , physical disability or mental illness are also susceptible to injury or death by fire be-cause they cannot respond quickly to an emergency. Workers in-volved in hazardous occupations involving combustible materials also may need the protection of flame-resistant clothing. 'Extension consumer information specialist, The Texas A&M University System. 2 • • Older adults and young children are involved in more clothing fire accidents than are other population groups. A Look at FR Fabrics Flame-resistant does not mean flame proof! FR fabrics resist flames better than ordinary fabrics and are self-extinguishing when removed from the flame or source of heat . Although FR garments •may be effective in reducing the threat of injury or death, it is mpossible to produce flame-retardant apparel that will provide 100 percent protection from all types of flammability accidents. Practi-cally everything burns when exposed to sufficient heat. Fabrics can be made flame resistant by using special fibers or finishes . FR Fibers. Manufactured FR fibers that have protective prop-erties are known by these generic and brand names: • modacrylic Dynel vinallvinyon Kohjin polyester Orion FLR Leavil SEF Teviron Teklan Valren Verel polyamidimide Kermel Dacron FLR aramid Nomex Heim acetate Acetate FLR Natur Toyobo Trevira 271 novoloid nylon Kynol Pureknit These fibers offer greater flame resistance and last longer than FR finishes. In the long run , FR fibers are predicted to be lower in cost than the finishes . 3 ! '. Na~,-LJral fibers that are moderately flame-resistant include woo l, and silk . These fibers tend to burn less readily than other natural fibers. However, when combined with other fibers , they may lose some of their ability to retard fire. Flame-Resistant Finishes. Topical finishes applied by chemi-cal treatments were the first techniques used to produce flame-re-sistant fabrics . Cotton , a natural fiber, cannot be chemically modified in the fiber solution as synthetic fibers can . Thus, finishes applied to the fabric surface are especially popular for cottons and cotton blends. Fabrics made of other fibers , such as polyester, acetate and triacetate , are also treated with FR finishes. Some FR finishes are being investigated because of possible links to cancer. At this writing , Tris' is the only chemical finish the federal government has taken action against; others are being studied . Research has demonstrated that Tris can cause cancer in animals and represents a possible danger to humans. Although children 's sleepwear manufacturers have stopped using Tris , some Tris-treated garments may still be in use . To tell if a garment was treated with Tris , check the fiber content on the label. Acetate , acetate blends, triacetate and triacetate blends were almost cer-tainly treated with Tris . Some polyesters also may have been treated with Tris; however, there is no way to tell except by asking the retailer or manufacturer. Consumers who are concerned about the carcinogenic effects of some flame-resistant finishes might con-sider buying garments made only from inherently flame-resistant fibers. Consumer Concerns. Flame-resistant clothes are sometimes different than those made of traditional fabrics. Some consumer complain of allergic reactions , decreased durability, a less desir-able feel or hand, shrinkage problems, wrinkling and increased cost. To gain satisfaction from FR purchases, carefully examine clothing before buying. Read the care instructions , look for labels stating maximum shrinkage of one percent and report any allergic reactions or poor fabric performance to the retailer and manufac-turer. Buy from stores you trust and know will stand behind their products. Care of FR Clothing Follow the instructions on the care label to maintain flame-re· , sistant properties of clothing . FR garments are required by law to maintain ~heir flame retardancy for up to 50 washings. Many fabrics made of flame-retardant fibers can be machine washed with any kind of detergent in warm water. Generally these fibers have a low melting point , so they should not be ironed. They can be line dried or tumble dried at a low setting. 'Tris is an abbreviation for tris (2 , 3-dibromopropyl) phosphate. 4 Fabrics with a FR finish last longer if they are washed Wl nl a high phosphate detergent. Some homemakers, concerned about the ecological effects of high phosphate detergents, may prefer to use soap or low phosphate detergents. However, soaps leave a fatty deposit that will build up on the fabric resulting in the loss of flame resistant properties. Remember the warning " Do Not Use Soap" does not mean "Do Not Use Detergent. " If you prefer using low phosphate detergents , manufacturers suggest using a low suds type and doubling the amount. Doubling the amount will help keep mineral and soil particles in suspension so they can be rinsed away instead of collecting on the fabric. Clothes treated with some flame-retardant finishes should not be laundered with chlorine bleaches because they chemically at-tack the finish . However, read care labels for specific instructions. Strong chemicals often used in commercial laundries can attack the flame-retardant finish as well. Maintain flame-resistant properties of clothing by following care instructions pro-vided by the manufacturer. 5 ! '" / ( '"11111"1111111 1'11'"'11 1111' "111111""11'"1111111111111111'"11 A14837697615 Hard water may also reduce the effectiveness of the finish. I, hard water is prevalent in your area, use detergents that are at least 8.7 percent phosphate; do not use non-phosphate detergents. (To find out the hardness of water in your area, call the city or town water department. ) Certain fabric softeners may build up on fabrics and cause the garment to lose its flame resistance. When you launder FR cloth-ing, use fabric softeners sparingly, perhaps once a month. Consumer Action Consumers will be faced with important decisions regarding clothing in the next few years . The Consumer Product Safety Com-mission enforces a flammability standard for all clothing. Periodically, organizations or groups request that the standard be changed to include stricter tests, certain types of garments or certain fabrics. Consumers can contribute to the decisions regarding clothing flammability standards. Consider the issues: 1. Is extending flammabwity standards to all clothing in the consumer's best interest? 2. Is the additional safety of FR clothing worth an estimated 25 percent increase in cost? 3. Is it fair to increase the price of clothing when persons with limited incomes may not be able to afford the prices? 4. Will consumers be willing to forfeit durable press charac-teristics for FR protection? 5. Should safety standards be developed only for the elderly and the handicapped? 6. Should the government devote greater attention toward regulating ignition sources, such as space heaters, gas ranges and matches, rather than, or in cooperation with, clothing regulations? 7. Is the cost for additional protection against fire a reason able price for fewer burn injuries and death caused b} clothing ignition accidents? Decide what is important to you. Meet with organized groups or as individuals to discuss your feelings. Write down your opinions and send them to the Consumer Product Safety Commission, 1750 K Street, N.w., Washington, D.C . 20207 or to your United States Senator or Congressman . Your government representatives are interested in hearing your opin-ions. 6 Jafety Precautions Clothing fires do not start spontaneously. They are caused by exposure to flame or sources of heat. When children are involved in fires, the most frequent ignition sources are matches and light-ers. For adults 65 and over, the most frequent ignition sources are ranges and smoking materials (including cigarettes , cigars, pipes , matches , lighters and lighter fluid) . Observe the following precau-tions for a safer home: ~ 1. Caution children not to play near heat or flame sources . If a clothing fire does occur, do not run . Running increases the burning rate. Roll on the floor to smother the flames or , if available, smother flames with any heavy material such as a throw rug , coat or blanket. Remember, fire needs air to burn, and cutting off the air supply is the best way to put out a fire . 2. Keep matches and cigarette lighters out of the reach of children. 3. If elderly or bedridden people live in the household, do 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. not leave them alone while they are smoking . If electric or gas space heaters are used , ask the util ity company to recommend a safe type . Store flammable liquids out of reach of children and away from stoves or heating appliances . Place open space heaters away from curtains , towels and bedspreads . Never smoke in bed . Keep a fire extinguisher handy in the kitchen and garage. Install smoke detectors for effective early warning in case of fire. 10. Hold fire drills and train family members to leave the house without panic if an emergency occurs. The information given herein is supplied with the understanding that no discrimination is intended and no endorsement by the Texas Agricultural Extension Service is implied . 7 ; \ I \uc; References Guide to Fabric Flammability. U.S. Consumer Product Safety Com-mission, Washington, D.C., 1976. Harries, Nancy G. "Textile News: Fabric Flammability," Family Eco-nomics Review. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Fall 1974, pp. 8-11 . Lyle, Dorothy Siegert, Modern Textiles. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1976. Reports Required by the Flammable Fabrics Act. U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, Washington, D.C., 1974. "Tris: Confusion over Another Cancer Hazard," Consumer Reports. (July 1977), Vol. 42, No.7, pp. 415-16. The author acknowledges the assistance of Becky Saunders, Beverly Rhoades and Ann Vanderpoorten, Extension clothing specialists, and Marlene Odie-Kemp and Carla Shearer, former Extension specialists, The Texas A&M University System, in preparation of the manuscript. Educational programs conducted by the Texas Agricultural Extension Service serve people of all ages regardless of socio-economic level, race, color, sex, religion or national origin. Cooperative Extension Work in Agriculture and Home Economics, The Texas A&M University System and the United States Department of Agriculture cooperating . Distributed in furtherance of the Acts of Congress of May 8,1914, as amended, and June 30, 1914. SM-1-80, Revision CLO 7-4 

Clothes That Care -- Flame Resistant Protection.

Texas A&M University

.. 8-1272 
othes That Care-
Flame Resistant Protection" 
TOoe 
ZTA245.7 
8873 
NQ.'2'T2 
Texas Agricultural Extension Service . The Texas A&M University System 
Daniel C. Pfannstiel, Director, College Station, Texas 
, 
• 
Clothes That Care-
Flame Resistant Protection 
Claudia Kerbel * 
Concern for a safer environment has led to changes in many of 
the everyday products we use , including clothing . In the' past dec-
ade, flame-resistant (FR) garments and fabrics have become more 
available than ever before. Consumers can now choose from a 
growing variety of styles in children 's and adult's sizes . Home sew-
ers can buy fabrics, threads and trims that are flame resistant. Since 
many of the finishes and fibers are new, some flame-resistant 
clothing and fabrics have undesirable characteristics . However, 
research on FR fabrics and fibers promises improvements in care, 
performance , durability, and cost. 
This publication focuses on who needs FR protection , how F 
fabrics are different from other fabrics , how to care for FR clothing, 
how consumers can express opinions about flame-resistant gar-
ments and how consumers can avoid fires at home. 
Protection For . .. 
Certain groups are more likely to be involved in clothing fire 
accidents than others . Many victims of fabric burns are those least 
able to help themselves . Statistics indicate that children and the 
elderly are injured by burning fabrics more often than others . In both 
of these age groups , burn ing fabric accidents occur more fr 
quently than in their proportional share of the population . People 
whose reflexes are slowed by drugs , alcohol , physical disability or 
mental illness are also susceptible to injury or death by fire be-
cause they cannot respond quickly to an emergency. Workers in-
volved in hazardous occupations involving combustible materials 
also may need the protection of flame-resistant clothing. 
'Extension consumer information specialist, The Texas A&M University System. 
2 
• • 
Older adults and young children are involved in more clothing fire accidents than are 
other population groups. 
A Look at FR Fabrics 
Flame-resistant does not mean flame proof! FR fabrics resist 
flames better than ordinary fabrics and are self-extinguishing when 
removed from the flame or source of heat . Although FR garments 
•
may be effective in reducing the threat of injury or death, it is 
mpossible to produce flame-retardant apparel that will provide 100 
percent protection from all types of flammability accidents. Practi-
cally everything burns when exposed to sufficient heat. Fabrics can 
be made flame resistant by using special fibers or finishes . 
FR Fibers. Manufactured FR fibers that have protective prop-
erties are known by these generic and brand names: 
• 
modacrylic Dynel vinallvinyon Kohjin 
polyester 
Orion FLR Leavil 
SEF Teviron 
Teklan Valren 
Verel polyamidimide Kermel 
Dacron FLR aramid Nomex 
Heim acetate Acetate FLR 
Natur 
Toyobo 
Trevira 271 
novoloid 
nylon 
Kynol 
Pureknit 
These fibers offer greater flame resistance and last longer 
than FR finishes. In the long run , FR fibers are predicted to be 
lower in cost than the finishes . 
3 
! 
'. 
Na~,-LJral fibers that are moderately flame-resistant include woo l, 
and silk . These fibers tend to burn less readily than other natural 
fibers. However, when combined with other fibers , they may lose 
some of their ability to retard fire. 
Flame-Resistant Finishes. Topical finishes applied by chemi-
cal treatments were the first techniques used to produce flame-re-
sistant fabrics . Cotton , a natural fiber, cannot be chemically 
modified in the fiber solution as synthetic fibers can . Thus, finishes 
applied to the fabric surface are especially popular for cottons and 
cotton blends. Fabrics made of other fibers , such as polyester, 
acetate and triacetate , are also treated with FR finishes. 
Some FR finishes are being investigated because of possible 
links to cancer. At this writing , Tris' is the only chemical finish the 
federal government has taken action against; others are being 
studied . Research has demonstrated that Tris can cause cancer in 
animals and represents a possible danger to humans. Although 
children 's sleepwear manufacturers have stopped using Tris , some 
Tris-treated garments may still be in use . To tell if a garment was 
treated with Tris , check the fiber content on the label. Acetate , 
acetate blends, triacetate and triacetate blends were almost cer-
tainly treated with Tris . Some polyesters also may have been treated 
with Tris; however, there is no way to tell except by asking the 
retailer or manufacturer. Consumers who are concerned about the 
carcinogenic effects of some flame-resistant finishes might con-
sider buying garments made only from inherently flame-resistant 
fibers. 
Consumer Concerns. Flame-resistant clothes are sometimes 
different than those made of traditional fabrics. Some consumer 
complain of allergic reactions , decreased durability, a less desir-
able feel or hand, shrinkage problems, wrinkling and increased 
cost. To gain satisfaction from FR purchases, carefully examine 
clothing before buying. Read the care instructions , look for labels 
stating maximum shrinkage of one percent and report any allergic 
reactions or poor fabric performance to the retailer and manufac-
turer. Buy from stores you trust and know will stand behind their 
products. 
Care of FR Clothing 
Follow the instructions on the care label to maintain flame-re· , 
sistant properties of clothing . FR garments are required by law to 
maintain ~heir flame retardancy for up to 50 washings. 
Many fabrics made of flame-retardant fibers can be machine 
washed with any kind of detergent in warm water. Generally these 
fibers have a low melting point , so they should not be ironed. They 
can be line dried or tumble dried at a low setting. 
'Tris is an abbreviation for tris (2 , 3-dibromopropyl) phosphate. 
4 
Fabrics with a FR finish last longer if they are washed Wl nl a high 
phosphate detergent. Some homemakers, concerned about the 
ecological effects of high phosphate detergents, may prefer to use 
soap or low phosphate detergents. However, soaps leave a fatty 
deposit that will build up on the fabric resulting in the loss of flame 
resistant properties. Remember the warning " Do Not Use Soap" 
does not mean "Do Not Use Detergent. " 
If you prefer using low phosphate detergents , manufacturers 
suggest using a low suds type and doubling the amount. Doubling 
the amount will help keep mineral and soil particles in suspension so 
they can be rinsed away instead of collecting on the fabric. 
Clothes treated with some flame-retardant finishes should not 
be laundered with chlorine bleaches because they chemically at-
tack the finish . However, read care labels for specific instructions. 
Strong chemicals often used in commercial laundries can attack the 
flame-retardant finish as well. 
Maintain flame-resistant properties of clothing by following care instructions pro-
vided by the manufacturer. 
5 
! 
'" 
/ 
( 
'"11111"1111111 1'11'"'11 1111' "111111""11'"1111111111111111'"11 A14837697615 
Hard water may also reduce the effectiveness of the finish. I, 
hard water is prevalent in your area, use detergents that are at least 
8.7 percent phosphate; do not use non-phosphate detergents. (To 
find out the hardness of water in your area, call the city or town water 
department. ) 
Certain fabric softeners may build up on fabrics and cause the 
garment to lose its flame resistance. When you launder FR cloth-
ing, use fabric softeners sparingly, perhaps once a month. 
Consumer Action 
Consumers will be faced with important decisions regarding 
clothing in the next few years . The Consumer Product Safety Com-
mission enforces a flammability standard for all clothing. Periodically, 
organizations or groups request that the standard be changed to 
include stricter tests, certain types of garments or certain fabrics. 
Consumers can contribute to the decisions regarding clothing 
flammability standards. Consider the issues: 
1. Is extending flammabwity standards to all clothing in the 
consumer's best interest? 
2. Is the additional safety of FR clothing worth an estimated 
25 percent increase in cost? 
3. Is it fair to increase the price of clothing when persons with 
limited incomes may not be able to afford the prices? 
4. Will consumers be willing to forfeit durable press charac-
teristics for FR protection? 
5. Should safety standards be developed only for the elderly 
and the handicapped? 
6. Should the government devote greater attention toward 
regulating ignition sources, such as space heaters, gas 
ranges and matches, rather than, or in cooperation with, 
clothing regulations? 
7. Is the cost for additional protection against fire a reason 
able price for fewer burn injuries and death caused b} 
clothing ignition accidents? 
Decide what is important to you. Meet with organized groups 
or as individuals to discuss your feelings. 
Write down your opinions and send them to the Consumer 
Product Safety Commission, 1750 K Street, N.w., Washington, 
D.C . 20207 or to your United States Senator or Congressman . Your 
government representatives are interested in hearing your opin-
ions. 
6 
Jafety Precautions 
Clothing fires do not start spontaneously. They are caused by 
exposure to flame or sources of heat. When children are involved 
in fires, the most frequent ignition sources are matches and light-
ers. For adults 65 and over, the most frequent ignition sources are 
ranges and smoking materials (including cigarettes , cigars, pipes , 
matches , lighters and lighter fluid) . Observe the following precau-
tions for a safer home: 
~ 
1. Caution children not to play near heat or flame sources . If 
a clothing fire does occur, do not run . Running increases 
the burning rate. Roll on the floor to smother the flames or , 
if available, smother flames with any heavy material such 
as a throw rug , coat or blanket. Remember, fire needs air 
to burn, and cutting off the air supply is the best way to put 
out a fire . 
2. Keep matches and cigarette lighters out of the reach of 
children. 
3. If elderly or bedridden people live in the household, do 
4. 
5. 
6. 
7. 
8. 
9. 
not leave them alone while they are smoking . 
If electric or gas space heaters are used , ask the util ity 
company to recommend a safe type . 
Store flammable liquids out of reach of children and away 
from stoves or heating appliances . 
Place open space heaters away from curtains , towels and 
bedspreads . 
Never smoke in bed . 
Keep a fire extinguisher handy in the kitchen and garage. 
Install smoke detectors for effective early warning in case 
of fire. 
10. Hold fire drills and train family members to leave the 
house without panic if an emergency occurs. 
The information given herein is supplied with the understanding that no 
discrimination is intended and no endorsement by the Texas Agricultural 
Extension Service is implied . 
7 
; \ I \uc; 
References 
Guide to Fabric Flammability. U.S. Consumer Product Safety Com-
mission, Washington, D.C., 1976. 
Harries, Nancy G. "Textile News: Fabric Flammability," Family Eco-
nomics Review. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Fall 1974, pp. 8-11 . 
Lyle, Dorothy Siegert, Modern Textiles. New York: John Wiley and 
Sons, Inc., 1976. 
Reports Required by the Flammable Fabrics Act. U.S. Consumer 
Product Safety Commission, Washington, D.C., 1974. 
"Tris: Confusion over Another Cancer Hazard," Consumer Reports. 
(July 1977), Vol. 42, No.7, pp. 415-16. 
The author acknowledges the assistance of Becky Saunders, 
Beverly Rhoades and Ann Vanderpoorten, Extension clothing 
specialists, and Marlene Odie-Kemp and Carla Shearer, former 
Extension specialists, The Texas A&M University System, in 
preparation of the manuscript. 
Educational programs conducted by the Texas Agricultural Extension Service serve 
people of all ages regardless of socio-economic level, race, color, sex, religion or 
national origin. 
Cooperative Extension Work in Agriculture and Home Economics, The Texas A&M 
University System and the United States Department of Agriculture cooperating . 
Distributed in furtherance of the Acts of Congress of May 8,1914, as amended, and 
June 30, 1914. 
SM-1-80, Revision CLO 7-4 


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Clothes That Care -- Flame Resistant Protection.

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Texas A&M Repository

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Clothes That Care -- Flame Resistant Protection.

Abstract

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Full text

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Texas A&amp;M Repository

Texas A&M University

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