Horváth M., Mária

Kertész, J.

English

Horváth M. Mária

Kertész J.

University of Szeged

Acta Biologica Szeged. 21 (1—4), pp. 141—140 (1975) T H E E F F E C T O F S O D I U M 2 . 4 - D I C H L O R O P H E N O X Y A C E T I C A C I D O N D O M E S T I C A T E D P L A N T S M Á R I A M . H O R V Á T H a n d J . K E R T É S Z Genetics Group, Attila József University, Szeged (Received March 28, 1975) A b s t r a c t In high concentration sodium 2.4-dichlorophenoxyacelic acid (2.4-D, Dikornit) inhibited the growth of experimental plants. Its effect also remains in the T generation. Increase of the 2.4-D concentration increased the amount of soluble protein and the activity of peroxidase (with the excep-tion of maize). The hydroxylation processes too are influenced by 2.4-D, the amounts of the derivatives being increased at low concentration. GRANT (1972) c o n s i d e r s t h e h e r b i c i d e s t o be loca l p r o m o t e r s o f e v o l u t i o n . E v e n if o n l y I p .c . o f t h e d o m e s t i c a t e d p l a n t s u n d e r g o e s s ign i f i can t c h a n g e in a g e n e t i c b a l a n c e o n h e r b i c i d e a c c u m u l a t i o n , it s e rves a s t h e s t a r t i n g bas i s f o r a n o t h e r h e r -e d i t a r y p a t h w a y . All th i s c a n be m e a s u r e d in t h e t r e a t e d g e n e r a t i o n s t h e s t r u c t u r a l a n d n u m e r i c a l c h a n g e s in t h e c r o m o s o m e s , a n d m o r p h o l o g i c a l , p h y s i o l o g i c a l a n d b i o c h e m i c a l indices . T h e c u r r e n t i nc r ea se o f c h e m i z a t i o n in p l a n t p r o t e c t i o n p r e s e n t s u s w i t h b o t h t h e o r e t i c a l a n d p r a c t i c a l r e sea rch t a s k s . In t h e p r e s e n t p a p e r a s t u d y is m a d e o f t h e e f fec t s o f a h e r b i c i d e , s o d i u m 2 .4-d i c h l o r o p h e n o x y a c e t i c ac id ( 2 . 4 - D , D i k o n i r t ) o n s o m e p l a n t spec ies . In a c c o r d a n c e wi th t h e i r h o r m o n a l g r o u n d s u b s t a n c e , a t l o w c o n c e n t r a t i o n s t h e h e r b i c i d e s s t i m u l a t e g r o w t h , a n d a t h igh c o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n h i b i t it (VEINBRANTS, 1972). W u u a n d GRANT (1966a , b ) o b s e r v e d c h r o m o s o m a l a b e r r a t i o n s in t h e me ios i s o f b a r l e y r o o t - t i p s o n the a c t i o n o f h e r b i c i d e s , a n d the po l l en m o t h e r cells o f t he t r e a t e d s e c o n d g e n e r a t i o n a l s o e x h i b i t e d a b n o r m a l meios is . W h e n a p p l i e d in v a r i o u s c o n c e n t r a t i o n s t o w h e a t , s u n f l o w e r a n d b e a n , 2 . 4 - D e n h a n c e s t h e ac t iv i t i e s o f t he e n z y m e s p a r t i c i p a t i n g in t he o x i d a t i v e m e t a b o l i s m (VORT, 1964). M a t e r i a l s and M e t h o d s The experimental plants were MV 530 hybrid maize, broad bean, pea. pearl bean, cucumber, musk melon and water melon. The outdoor experiments were performed on I m plots. The 2.4-D dose was 1, 2, 4 or 10 g per plot for maize, and 0.05 or 0.26 g per plot for the other plants. The herbicide was employed as a preemergent simultaneously with the sowing, together with a sufficient number of control sowings. In the cytological and genetic examinations the plants were also grown in breeding vessels under semiconditioned circumstances for the observation of the development of the shaping of the genetic system variation. The controls were grown on tap-water and on 2.4-D solution with concentrations corresponding to those of the various outdoor experiments. A study was made of the modifying effect of 2.4-D, compared to the control, in the mitotic division, and of the changes occurring in the meiosis. The development of the protein content was measured by the method of L O W R Y et al. (1951), and the changes in the pigments by the method of S M I T H 1963). The peroxidase activity was determined by the procedure of S O L Y M O S Y — F A R K A S (1964), and the indole hydroxylation was investigated by the method of H O R V Á T H (1975). 1 4 2 M. M Á R I A . H O R V Á T H a n d J . K E R T É S Z Resu l t s and Discuss ion In t h e o u t d o o r e x p e r i m e n t s it w a s o b s e r v e d t h a t w h e n 2 . 4 - D w a s used a s a p r e e m e r g e n t h e r b i c i d e t h e i n c r e a s e o f i ts a m o u n t w a s p a r a l l e l e d by i n c r e a s i n g i n h i b i t i o n o r even c o m p l e t e c e s s a t i o n o f t h e g e r m i n a t i o n o f t h e seeds . F o r m a i z e , 10 g / m 2 w a s t h e h ighes t d o s e a p p l i e d , a n d t h i s i n h i b i t e d g r o w t h o f t h e r o o t s . T h e ef fec t o f 2 . 4 - D w a s a l s o a p p a r e n t in t h e g r o w t h o f t h e s h o o t s a n d in t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e n u m b e r o f leaves. T h e t i m e o f t a sse l - s i lk ing t o o w a s s h i f t e d , a n d t h e y ie ld d e c r e a s e d . T h e o n e o r t w o g r a i n s p re sen t w e r e l a r g e r a n d h e a v i e r t h a n t h e g r a i n y ie ld o f t h e n o r m a l l y - d e v e l o p e d c o n t r o l p l a n t (KERTESZ, 1974). T h e o t h e r e x p e r i m e n t a l p l a n t s r eac t ed w i t h d i f f e r e n t sens i t iv i t i e s t o t h e i n c r e a s e o f t h e 2 . 4 - D c o n c e n t r a t i o n . In t h e s e p l a n t s t he h i g h e s t c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f t h e h e r b i c i d e used w a s 0 .25 g / m 2 , a n d th i s c o m p l e t e l y i n h i b i t e d t h e g e r m i n a t i o n o f m u s k m e l o n a n d w a t e r m e l o n seeds . Pea r l b e a n , p e a a n d b r o a d b e a n p l a n t s g r e w t o a lesser e x t e n t . T h e g r e a t e r t h e a m o u n t o f 2 . 4 - D g iven in t h e p r e e m e r g e n t s t a g e , t h e m o r e r e d u c e d w a s t h e l eng th o f t h e s h o o t s a n d r o o t s , a n d t h e f e w e r t h e l eaves f o r m e d ; f u r t h e r , t h e s e l a t t e r o n e s w e r e m o r e d i s t o r t e d in s h a p e . O n l y a f e w seeds d e v e l o p e d h e r e t o o . T h e g o u r d s r e a c t e d w i t h v a r y i n g sens i t iv i ty t o 2 . 4 - D . C u c u m b e r wel l e n d u r e d even t h e h i g h e s t 2 . 4 - D c o n c e n t r a t i o n e m p l o y e d , a n d t h e g r o w t h a n d d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e s h o o t s a n d r o o t s w e r e o n l y s l ight ly i r r e g u l a r . A t a l o w e r c o n c e n t r a t i o n n o c h a n g e c o u l d b e o b s e r v e d c o m p a r e d t o t h e c o n t r o l . O n t h e c o n t r a r y t h i s s a m e l o w -e r c o n c e n t r a t i o n led t o m u c h d a m a g e a m o n g m u s k m e l o n s a n d w a t e r m e l o n s , m a n y p l a n t s d y i n g b e f o r e t he r e p r o d u c t i v e s t age . O n th i s b a s i s w e see t h a t t h e r e is a c o r r e -l a t ion b e t w e e n t h e w a t e r — d e m a n d a n d 2 . 4 - D sens i t i v i t y , a n d t h i s is w h y c u c u m b e r c a n wel l e n d u r e t h i s h e r b i c i d e . O u r r e su l t s a r e s u p p o r t e d b y t h e d a t a in t h e f o l l o w i n g T a b l e 1 m e a s u r e d o n t h e me ios i s o f t h e cel ls o f t h e r o o t - t i p m e r i s t e m . Table 1. Effect of 2.4-D on the meiosis of root-t ip meristem cells of seedlings treated in the preemergent stage. Variant No. of cells examined No. of meiotic cells Prophase Metap-hase Anaphase Telop M V 530 maize Control 2892 1068 906 51 57 50 Low conc. 2360 877 853 8 11 6 High conc. 2110 686 671 5 6 4 PearI bean Control 1160 521 278 98 78 67 Low conc. 547 41 11 13 9 8 High conc. 398 17 6 4 4 3 Broad bean Control 448 196 171 9 6 10 Low conc. 1158 107 96 4 3 4 High conc. 1045 II 8 1 0 2 T H E E F F E C T O F S O D I U M 2 . 4 - D I C H L O R - O P H E N O X Y A C E T I C A C I D O N D O M E S T I C A T E D P L A N T S 1 4 3 It c a n be seen f r o m t h e T a b l e t h a t 2 . 4 - D e x e r t e d a v e r y c o n s i d e r a b l e d e c e l e r a t o r y i n f l uence o n t h e c o u r s e o f t h e m i t o s i s in a l l t h r e e p l a n t s , a t t h e h i g h e r c o n c e n t r a t i o n a l m o s t e l i m i n a t i n g t h e me ios i s a n d t h u s t h e g r o w t h o f t h e r o o t . T h e e f f ec t o f 2 . 4 - D c o u l d a l s o be seen in t h e m e i o t i c d i v i s i o n o f t h e T 0 p l a n t s t r e a t e d . T h e a r r a n g e m e n t o f t h e c h r o m o s o m e s w a s i r r e g u l a r (ROJIK, 1973). A s r e g a r d s t h e s eeds o f T 0 m a i z e p l a n t s , it w a s f o u n d t h a t t he in i t ia l g r o w t h w a s m o r e i n t e n s i v e t h a n t h a t o f t h e c o n t r o l p l a n t s (KERTÉSZ, 1972). T h e s t u d y o f t h e T 0 a n d T , g e n e r a t i o n s o f b r o a d b e a n led t o a s i m i l a r resul t a s o b s e r v e d f o r m a i z e . K o v A c s (1972) f o u n d t h a t 2 . 4 - D is a c c u m u l a t e d in t h e seeds . T h e e x t e n t o f t h e a c c u m u l a t i o n rose wi th t h e i n c r e a s e o f t he c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f t h e h e r b i c i d e . 2 . 4 - D i n h i b i t s t h e g r o w t h o f s eed l i ngs ; t h i s is wel l i l l u s t r a t e d in T a b l e 2 by t h e h i g h e r a m o u n t o f s o l u b l e p r o t e i n in p e a r l - b e a n s e e d l i n g s w h i c h u n d e r w e n t a s l ight d e g r e e o f g r o w t h d e s t r u c t i o n . Table• 2. Change in the amount of total soluble protein in pearl bean seedlings on preemergent 2,4-D treatment (y/g fresh weight). Age of Control Treated with low conc. Treated with high conc. seedling in days Shoot Root Coty-ledon Shoot Root Coty-ledon Shoot Root Coty-ledon 3 4 5 6 4050 3375 3210 3105 2205 1900 1885 1860 4140 4320 4515 4650 4120 3400 3170 2800 2750 2600 2350 2250 4400 4350 4010 3600 4200 3800 3450 3260 3850 3200 2840 2610 5100 4300 4210 4130 I n c r e a s e o f t h e a m o u n t o f 2 . 4 - D led t o a fal l in t h e g reen p i g m e n t c o m p o n e n t s o f t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l p l a n t s ; th i s is c o n n e c t e d w i t h t h e h y d r o l y s i s o f t h e p r o t e i n s . T h e r e is b a r e l y a n y c h a n g e in t h e a m o u n t o f y e l l o w p i g m e n t . T h e s e r e su l t s w e r e r e p o r t e d ea r l i e r (HORVATH, 1970). T h e h e r b i c i d e i n c r e a s e d t h e p e r o x i d a s e a c t i v i t y in these p l a n t s , w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n o f m a i z e seed l ings . T h e resu l t s o f t h e e n z y m a t i c m e a s u r e m e n t s a r e s h o w n in t h e f o l l o w i n g T a b l e 3. It c a n b e seen t h a t t h e p e r o x i d a s e ac t iv i ty i n c r e a s e d in pa ra l l e l w i t h t h e d a m a g e . M a i z e e n d u r e d w i t h o u t d a m a g e t h e 2 . 4 - D c o n c e n t r a t i o n e m p l o y e d h e r e . 2 . 4 - D c a u s e s d a m a g e in m e t a b o l i s m a c c o r d i n g t o t h e a b o v e resu l t s , b u t it p r e s u m a b l y a l s o s t i m u l a t e s t h e f u n c t i o n i n g o f a n e n z y m e c o m p l e x , a s s h o w n by t h e f o r m a t i o n o f h y d r o x y d e r i v a t i v e s o f i n d o l e . T h e d e r i v a t i v e s a r e p r o d u c e d in la rger a m o u n t a t l o w 2 . 4 - D c o n c e n t r a t i o n ; a t h i g h e r 2 . 4 - D c o n c e n t r a t i o n t h e e n z y m e c o m p l e x is d i r e c t e d t o t h e e l i m i n a t i o n o f t h e c h e m i c a l , a n d b e c a u s e o f th i s t h e a m o u n t s o f t h e d e r i v a t i v e s d e c r e a s e . T h i s w a s s h o w n b y t h e a m o u n t s o f 5 - h y d r o x y i n d o l e in t h e ca ses o f b r o a d b e a n , p e a r l b e a n a n d c u c u m b e r . T h e h y d r o x y l a t i o n is i n t e n s i v e f o r b o t h m u s k m e l o n a n d w a t e r m e l o n ; v a r i o u s d e r i v a t i v e s a r e f o r m e d , t h e a m o u n t s o f these b e i n g l o w e r a t t h e l o w 2 . 4 - D c o n c e n t r a t i o n . F o r p e a a l a rge a m o u n t o f 5 - h y d r o x y i n d o l e w a s f o r m e d in c o m p a r i s o n t o t h e c o n t r o l ; h i g h e r c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f 2 . 4 - D d e c r e a s e d th i s a m o u n t . 144 M. M Á R I A . H O R V Á T H a n d J . K E R T É S Z Table J. Change in peroxidase aclivily on preemergenl 2.4-D irealment. (As percentage of control). Species and age in days Treated with low conc. Shoot Root Cotyledon Treated with high conc. Shoot Root Cotyledon Pearl bean 4 6 8 10 Cucumber 6 16 Musk melon 7 14 + Died 1 1 0 121 125 128 100 96 144 181 118 192 405 471 91 108 267 318 254 62 85 105 135 228 334 334 100 122 214 432 667 667 121 191 281 218 177 145 T h e v a r i a t i o n s in t h e n a t u r e s a n d q u a n t i t i e s o f t he h y d r o x v i n d o l e s a r e l is ted in T a b l e s 4, 4/1 a n d 4 /2 . Table 4. Changes in amounts of hydroxy indoles on the action of 2.4-D. ( Derivatives given in y\g fresh weight). Species Treatment Age in days 5 - O H - -indole in Shoot Root Control 2.15 1.25 P e a r l b e a n Low conc. 4 1.10 1.10 High conc. 1.90 1.40 Control 5.00 40.00 P e a r l b e a n Low conc. 8 40.00 43.00 High conc. 3.00 4.00 Control 3.50 3.00 P e a r l b e a n Low conc. 12 17.00 20.00 High conc. 2.00 4.00 Control 4.65 33.00 Pea Low conc. 7 20.00 30.00 High conc. 43.00 66.00 Control 4.60 56.00 Pea Low conc. 14 28.00 56.00 High conc. 10.00 28.00 T H E E F F E C T O F S O D I U M 2 . 4 - D I C H L O R - O P H E N O X Y A C E T I C A C I D O N D O M E S T I C A T E D P L A N T S 1 4 5 Table 411. Change in ihe a m o u n g of 5-hydroxyindole on 2,4-D t rea tment (y/g fresh weight). Broad bean Control Shoot Low conc. 4 Root T0 generat ion 16 Treatment of seeds* T , generat ion 4.5 12 High conc. 4.5 11.5 Control Low conc. 4.5 Trea tment of seeds* 12 12 High conc. 28 17 * Part of the produce of the T0 generation emerged unchanged in the T, genera t ion ; the indicated samples received a repealed 2 .4-D treatment . Table 412. Changes in the amoun t s of hydroxyindoles fo rmed on the action of 2,4-D in cucumber , musk melon and water melon seedlings (y/g fresh weight). Plant species and age in days Indole deriv. Shoot Root Control Low conc. High conc. Control Low conc. High conc. Cucumber 10 5-OH 110.00 71.00 95.00 75.00 35.00 49.00 16 5 - O H 76.00 50.03 76.00 48.00 27.00 27.00 20 5-OH 51.00 44.00 67.00 41.00 21,00 24.00 Musk melon 6 4 -OH — — — 135.00 120.00 — 5-OH — — — 5.00 4.30 — 12 4 -OH 2.35 3.50 — 120.00 105.00 — 5-OH 2.60 2.00 — 3.00 3.00 — 20 4 -OH 2.30 3.00 — 4.90 27.00 — 5-OH 2.60 2.50 — 1.50 2.00 — Water melon 15 4 -OH 530.00 310.00 — 540.00 390.00 — 5-OH 52.00 41.00 — 57.00 40.00 — 6 - O H 40.00 20.00 — 30.00 27.00 — 20 4 -OH 530.00 300.00 — 530.00 355.00 — 5-OH 65.00 20.00 — 60.00 21.00 — . 6 - O H 41.00 17.00 — 24.00 4.70 — R e f e r e n c e s G R A N T , W . F . ( 1 9 7 2 ) : Pesticides — subtle promoters of evolution. — Symp. Biol. Hung. 12, 4 3 — 5 0 . H O R V Á T H , M . — L O N T A I , I. (1970): Investigation of physiological changes in roots and shoots as a result of a herbicide treatment (II) Development of the pigment content of shoots. — Acta Biol. Szeged 16, 95—98. H O R V Á T H , M.—GUBA, F . — H A N U S Z , B . — K I R Á L Y , L. (1975): Indol hidroxilálás különböző növény-fa joknál (Indole hydroxylation in various plant species). —(in press). Acta Phytopathologica, Budapest. K I R T É S Z , J . — M O L N Á R , A . — H O R V Á T H , M . (1972): The effect of the sodium salt of 2,4-dichlorophen-oxyacetic acid on the mitotic growth of yellow corn. — Acta Biol. Szeged 18, 131—133. 1 4 6 M. M Á R I A . H O R V Á T H a n d J. K E R T É S Z KF.RTÉSZ, J . (1974): 2,4-diklórfenoxiccetsav Na sójának hatása kultúrnövények T„, T , nemzedékének morfológiá jára és anyagcseréjére (Effects of sodium 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid on the morphology and metabolism of T<> and T, generations of domesticated plants). — Doctora l dissertation, Szeged. K O V Á C S , R . Z S U Z S A N N A (1972): Morfológiai és anyagcsereélettani vizsgálatok kul túrnövényeken 2,4-diklórfenoxiecetsav hatására (Morphological and metabolic-physiological examinat ions of the effects of 2.4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid o n domesticated plants). — Doctora l disser-tation. Szeged. L O W R Y , O. H . — R O S E L R E N G H T . N. J . — F A R R , A. L . (11951): Colorimetric determinat ion of T C A precipitable protein content with a combined Folin-Biuret react ion. — J. Biol. C h e m 139, 265—275. R O J I K , I . — H O R V Á T H , M . — L O N T A I , I . ( 1 9 7 3 ) : A herbicide effect in the meiosis of Vicia f a b a . Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 18. 1 6 3 — 1 6 9 . S M I T H , J . A. C. — BENITES. A. ( 1 9 6 3 ) : The protochlorophyll — chlorophyll t ransformat ion . T h e nature of protochlorophyll in leaves. — Cornegie Inst. Year Book 52. 1 4 9 — 1 5 3 . VEINBRANTS, N. (1972): Effect of succinic acid-2,2-dimethyl hydrazide (Alar) or scoring on growth and flower initiation of young apple trees. — Aust . J. of Exptl . Agricult. and Animal Hus-b a n d r y 12, 8 8 — 9 5 . VORT, D. J. (1964): Effect of herbicides on plant composi t ion a n d metabolism. — London—New York . W u u , K. D. — GRANT, W. R. (1966a): Morphological and somatic ch romosomal aberrat ions induced by pesticides in barley Hordeum vulgare L.). — C a n . J. Genet . Cytol . 8. 481—501. W u u , K. D. — GRANT. W. R. (1966b): Induced abnorma l meiotic behavior in a barley plant Hordeum vulgare L.) with the herbicide Lorox. — Fy ton . Vicente. Coper . 23, 63—67. Adbress of the au thors : D r . M Á R I A M . H O R V Á T H J . K E R T É S Z Genetics G r o u p , A. J. University. H—6701 Szeged. P. O. Box 428. Hungary 

The effect of sodium 2.4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid on domesticated plants

http://acta.bibl.u-szeged.hu/21850/1/biologica_021_141-146.pdf

The effect of sodium 2.4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid on domesticated plants

Abstract

Similar works

Full text

Available Versions

University of Szeged