This paper present the fungal contamination of milking cows feed samples in Vajdaság. 12 Type of feed samples, used for feeding of milking cows throughout one research year was investigated. As it was found all feed samples (100%) in summer and spring were contaminated with fungi, 95% in autumn and winter period. The genus Aspergillus and Pénicillium occured as contaminants in all seasons and shown the highest presence of all tested fungi species. Aspergilli. about 63% of feed samples in summer, 67% in autumn. 89% in winter and 48% in spring, Peniicillium about 87% in summer, 61% in autumn, 72% in winter and 61% in spring were contaminated with them

Ač, Mira

Könyves, Tibor

Škrinjar, Marija

English

Könyves Tibor

Škrinjar Marija

Ač Mira

University of Szeged

FUNGAL CONTAMINATION OF MILKING COWS FEED Tibor Könyves,' Marija Skrinjar,2 Mira Ai2 ' Department of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Biofartning 24300 Baólca Topola, Martala Tita 39. Megatrend University Bcograd. Serbia. ' Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Faculty of Technology, 21000 Novi Sad, Bui. Cara La/ara 1. University of Novi Sad. Serbia e-mail: tkonyveslaibiofarming cdurs ABSTRACT This paper present the fungal contamination of milking cows feed samples in Vajdaság. 12 Type of feed samples, used for feeding of milking cows throughout one research year was investigated. As it was found all feed samples (100%) in summer and spring were contaminated with fungi, 95% in autumn and winter period. The genus Aspergillus and Pénicillium occured as contaminants in all seasons and shown the highest presence of all tested fungi species. Aspergilli. about 63% of feed samples in summer, 67% in autumn. 89% in winter and 48% in spring, Peniicillium about 87% in summer, 61% in autumn, 72% in winter and 61% in spring were contaminated with them. INTRODUCTION Mycotoxins occur worldwide. They occur frequently in a variety of feedstuffs (Gareis et al., 1989; Sharma and Salunkhe, 1991; Wood, 1992; Skrinjar 2008.) and are therefore routinely consumed by dairy cattle. These typically low levels of mycotoxins are associated with sub-clinical losses in milk production, increases in disease and reduced reproductive performance. In some cases, mycotoxin concentrations in feedstuffs are high enough to be associated with severe problems including death. The majority of human health risk from mycotoxins is from consumption of contaminated grains and nuts. Several mycotoxins have been shown to occur in the milk of dairy cattle. Concentrations are extremely low bccause only a small fraction of the amount consumed by a cow is transferred to milk in the parent form or as a derivative (Wood and Trucksess, 1998). Contamination of forages and cereals with mycotoxins fre-quently occurs in the field following infections of plants with pathogenic fungi or with symbi-otic endophytes (D' Mello, 2002). The possibility of contamination may continue during the processing and storage of harvested products and feed (Adamovic et al., 2005; Boőarov -Stanőié et al.. 2005; D' Mello, 2002). A degree of fungal and mycotoxin contamination depend significantly of environmental conditions, sach as moisture content/humidity and ambient tem-perature. Classical representatives of plant pathogenic species («field fungi») belonged to the genera Fusarium, Claviceps. Ahemaria and some other genera from the Hyphomycetes Dema-tiaceous group, while Aspergillus and Pénicillium exemplify storage organisms. More than 200 species are classified into the genus Aspergillus. Many of them are harmful to the humans and animals. High incidents of Aspergillus mycotoxins are noticed in warm and humid regions, but they often occur in temperate zones, too. In this paper the results of the occurence of various fungi species in feeds for milking cows feeding throughout one research year are presented. 2. MATERIAL AND METHODS Mycological contamination of different feed samples (92) for milking cows feeding dur-ing one year in Vajdaság was examined in this work. Samples were taken from four farms throughout all seasons. Type and number of feed samples are given in Table I. 66 Tibor Könyves. Marija Skrinjar. Mira Aő: FUNGAL CONTAMINATION OF MILKING COWS FEED Tab. I. Type and number offeed samples used for feeding of milking cows throughout one research year Type of feed Number of feed samples Summer Autum Winter Spring Hay 4 4 4 3 Dried lucerne 3 4 4 4 Concentrate 5 4 4 4 Sunflower meal 1 - - -Dried com silage - 3 4 2 Fresh com silage 3 - - 2 Com grain silage - - 2 3 Pelleted malt spent grains 2 3 2 1 Fresh rape leaf - 1 - -Pelleted sugar beat pulp 1 3 2 4 Fresh sugar beat pulp 1 1 1 1 Fresh rape-scad leaf - - - 2 Total 2.1. Mycological investigation Determination of total viable count of moulds per 1 g of each sample was done as well as the isolation and identification of all fungal genera. Their share in isolated mycopopula-tions, with toxigenic and allergic properties, was examined, too. Total viable counts of moulds per lg of sample was determined by standard Koch' s method. Sabouraud maltose agar (SMA) with streptomycin (0.01-0.02%) was used as an isolation medium. Incubation was carried out at 25 °C for 7 days and identification of fun-gal genera according to Samson and van Reenen-Hoekstra (1988). 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 100 9 0 80 * 7 0 I 60 | 5 0 1 4 0 u 1 3 0 I 20 10 0 Fwgi Aiptrgtlba PrrwaUaum naarium AUimaru Ciodotponum Uuco* (Xbm Genus Figure 1. Contamination degree of feed samples with certain fungal genera in the summer 100% 6 7 Tibor Könyves. Marija Skrinjar. Mira AC: FUNGAL CONTAMINATION OF MILKING COWS FEED Summer. All of ihe feed samples tested in summer period were contaminated with moulds (Fig. 1) at the number ranged from 10.0 (dried corn silage) to 2.8xl07 /g (pelletd malt spent grains). It was found that 87% of samples were contaminated with species from the genus Pénicillium, 63% with Aspergillus spp.. 56% Mucor spp., 50% Cladosporium spp., 12% with Fusarium and Allemaria species. About 56% of feed samples were spoiled with fungal species which belonged to the other genera. Autumn. As it was established (Fig 2.). about 95% of feed samples (18 of 19 total ex-amined) contained moulds at various degree (from 70.0 - pelleted sugar beet pulp to 4.0xl05/g - pelleted malt spent grains). The lowest contamination was observed with Fusarium 1 0 0 8 3 % 9 0 " ? 80 6 7 % ~ 7 0 J 6 0 " I 5 0 ' 5 5 % 5 0 % 4 4 % 3 9 % • 4 0 " O • s 3 0 ^ Í 2 0 ' f I Q 1 0 ' 0 -Fmp hwlaa fwOTM ttm I ' - J M. ( U n Genus Figure 2. Contamination degree offeed samples with certain fungal genera in autumn Winter. Total viable count of moulds in winter research period varied between 10.0 (com grain silage) and 2.1 x l07/g (dried com silage). Results of fungal contamination of feeds were approximately in conformity with those determined in autumn, figure 3. raf Afrj^J *n ' " i — Mr**-* ClMifowi M*Cir Ota Ooiub Figure 3. Contamination degree of feed samples with certain fungal genera in winter 6 8 Tibor Könyves, Marija Skrinjar, Mira Ai: FUNGAL CONTAMINATION OF MILKING COWS FEED Spring. All feed samples were contaminated with fungi again (Fig. 4). Their number varied from 20.0 (pelleted malt spent grains, fresh sugar beet pulp) to 6.1 x 10s in I g (dried lucerne). 100% I <5 Ftagi A%p*TjfdJu, PfMciltmm fusariwm Alumtwvi Cladcupornm Mkur Other Genus Figure 4. Contamination degree of feed samples with certain fungal genera in spring 4. CONCLUSION All fungi species were constantly present in milking cows feeds throughout one re-search year The percentage in all seasons was: 100% in the summer and in the spring, 95% in autumn and winter. The highest degree of contamination (89%) with Aspergillus was observed in winter period, and the lowest (11%) with Cladosporium also at the winter. The genus Aspergillus and Pénicillium shown the highest presence of all tested fungi spe-cies. Aspergilli. about 63% of feed samples in summer, 67% in autumn, 89% in winter and 48% in spring, Peniicillium about 87% in summer, 61% in autumn, 72% in winter and 61% in spring were contaminated with them. REFERENCES 1. Adamovic, M. J., Boôarov-Staniic, A. S., Dordevic, N. Ï . . , Dakovic, A. S., Adamovic, I. D. (2005): Mycotoxins in Silage - Causes of Creating, Altermath and Protection from Acting. Matica Srpska Proceedings for Natural Sciences 108: 51-57. 2. Boéarov-Staniic, A. S., Adamovié, M. J., Dordevic, N. Z. (2005): Mycopopulations of Alfalfa Silage with Particular Rewiev on Toxigenic Fusarium spp. Matica Srpska Proceedings for Natural Sciences 108: 59-67. 3. D' Mello. (2002): Microbiology of Animal Feeds. FAO Electronic Journal No. 160. 4. Gareis, M., J. Bauer, C. Enders and B. Gedek. 1989. Contamination of cereals and feeds with fusarium mycotoxins in European countries. In: fusarium Mycotoxins, Taxonomy and Pathogenicity (J. Chelkowski, ed.). Elsevier, Amsterdam, p. 441. 69 Tibor Kônyves. Manja Skrinjar. Mira Ai: FUNGAL CONTAMINATION OF MILKING COWS FEED 5. Sharma, R. P. and D. K. Salunkhe. 1991. Occurrence of mycotoxins in foods and feeds. In: Mycotoxins and Phytoalexins (R. P. Sharma and D. K. Salunkhe eds.). CRC Press, Inc.. Boca Raton, Florida, p. 13. 6. Skrinjar, M.: Fungal and mycotoxin contamination of some food industry byproducts. 25ttl Food Technology Days 2008, «By-products and wastes in food processing-utilization and Ecology», Ljubljana, Slovenia, April 17-18. 2008, Proceedings, 73-84. pp. 7. Trucksess, M. W„ F. Thomas, K. Young, M. E. Stack, W. J. Fulgueras and S. W. Page. 1995. Survey of deoxynivalenol in U.S. 1993 wheat and barley crops by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay JAOAC Int. 78:631. 8. Wood. G.E. 1992. Mycotoxins in foods and feeds in the United States. J. Anim. Sci. 70:3941 7 0 

Fungal contamination of milking cows feed

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Fungal contamination of milking cows feed

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