Scientific examination of 239 minute samples of secco mural paintings from Bamiyan, Foladi, Kakrak and Qol-e Jalal sites are being conducted to investigate their constituent materials and painting techniques. Polished sections were examind under PLM with normal/UV light sources. Stratigraphy of the paintngs indicated that their manufacturing techniques were based on traditional and sophisticated painting manners using a multi-layer structure which provides special optical effects and various colour tones. At least three materials were distinguished as ground layers, as well as three sizing materials which exhibit different UV fluorescence. It was found that natural lapis lazuri was used abundantly in the Bamiyan mural paintings and that this mineral was refined and levigated intentionally to be used as a natural ultramarine blue pigment. Deep green colour was produced as a combination of three layers (green, white and orange), which creates a deep and clear colour as its optical effect. Further results from instrumental analyses will be reported accordingly. The Bamiyan mural paintings, which were created between the mid-5th and 10th centuries AD, reflect numerous cultures that flourished along the Silk Road. Such dynamic and broad exchanges and trades of painting materials and techniques will be continuously studied throughout this Bamiyan project
