Angulo, L

Calanca, P

Díaz, A

Encinas, C

Huggel, C

Jonas, T

Jurt, C

Juárez, H

Konzelmann, T

Lagos, P

Robledo, C

Rohrer, M

Salzmann, N

Silverio, W

Zappa, M

Huggel, Christian

Salzmann, Nadine

Angulo, Lenkiza

Calanca, Pierluigi

Díaz, Amelia

Encinas, Carla

Jonas, Tobias

Juárez, Henry

Jurt, Christine

Konzelmann, Thomas

Lagos, Pablo

Robledo, Carmenza

Rohrer, Mario

Silverio, Walter

Zappa, Massimiliano

ZORA

Zurich Open Repository andArchiveUniversity of ZurichMain LibraryStrickhofstrasse 39CH-8057 Zurichwww.zora.uzh.chYear: 2009A new Peruvian-Swiss program on climate change adaptation: advancingtowards integrated climate change research, imple- mentation andscience-policy dialogueHuggel, Christian; Salzmann, Nadine; Angulo, Lenkiza; Calanca, Pierluigi; Díaz, Amelia; Encinas,Carla; Jonas, Tobias; Juárez, Henry; Jurt, Christine; Konzelmann, Thomas; Lagos, Pablo; Robledo,Carmenza; Rohrer, Mario; Silverio, Walter; Zappa, MassimilianoAbstract: UnspecifiedPosted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of ZurichZORA URL: http://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-76515Published VersionOriginally published at:Huggel, Christian; Salzmann, Nadine; Angulo, Lenkiza; Calanca, Pierluigi; Díaz, Amelia; Encinas, Carla;Jonas, Tobias; Juárez, Henry; Jurt, Christine; Konzelmann, Thomas; Lagos, Pablo; Robledo, Carmenza;Rohrer, Mario; Silverio, Walter; Zappa, Massimiliano (2009). A new Peruvian-Swiss program on climatechange adaptation: advancing towards integrated climate change research, imple- mentation and science-policy dialogue. Mountain Research Initiative Newsletter, 2:9-12.9Mountain Research Initiative Newsletter no. 2 April 2009 A new Peruvian-Swiss program on climate change adaptation: advancing towards integrated climate change research, imple-mentation and science-policy dialogueScience PeaksThe Andes: highly vulnerable to climate changeMountain regions in countries in deve-lopment are particularly vulnerable to climate change. These regions need rea-dily available base lines of expected im-pacts on the regional and local level to be in a position to plan and implement effective and socially consistent adap-tation measures. However, the field of climate change impacts and adaptation is highly complex, both on a scientific and on an implementation level. A main reason are impacts on different ecolo-gical services and socio-economic sys-tems, and related feedback effects, and a multi-actor environment on different levels of social and political systems. International collaboration is needed to address the key problems.Peru and the Andes have been recog-nized to be among the most vulnerable areas to climate change (Bradley et al., 2006, Magrin et al., 2007). In collabo-ration with the Peruvian Government, Ministry of Environment, therefore, the Swiss Agency for Development and Co-operation (SDC) has recently initiated a program on climate change adaptation (PACC – Programa de Adaptación al Cambio Climático) in two regions of the Peruvian Andes.Key parameters of PACCThe PACC is implemented by a NGO consortium led by Intercooperation. Scientific support is provided by seve-ral scientific institutions in Peru, and a scientific consortium in Switzerland, which includes Meteoswiss, Meteodat, Agroscope Reckenholz-Tänikon ART, the Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL-SLF, the University of Geneva and is led by the University of Zurich.The programme focuses on three major thematic lines: (i) disaster risk reduc-tion; (ii) water resource management; and (iii) food security. Geographically, it focuses on the Cusco and Apurímac regions in the south of Peru between about 3000 and more than 4000 m asl, with mountain peaks rising over 6000 m asl. The population of both regions is around 1.5 million, with about 40% suffering from malnutrition and over 75% having a lack of basic needs. Poverty-related problems are particu-larly pronounced in rural areas. As a consequence, there is limited adaptive capacity to adverse effects of climate change (Lagos, 2007). The Andean re-gions of Peru have two distinct seasons, a rainy period in austral summer and a dry period in austral winter. During the dry season, many parts of these regions rely on water resources from glaciers, and rural indigenous people are in fact observing with increasing concern the glacier retreat of the past years and de-cades (Orlove, 2008). Relating to climate change impacts, glacier retreat and changing water re-sources are not the only relevant issues. The picture is more complex. Extreme climatic events such as cold waves have been observed to strike more severely in recent years. The rural population is especially badly affected by loss of crops and cattle caused by cold waves and droughts. In addition to slow-onset climatic disasters (e.g. droughts) magni-tude and recurrence of rapid geomor-phic hazards such as landslides may be altered due to climate change.Figure 1: Meteorological and hydrological stations in the Andes are often maintained by local people. Here a campesina explains ‘her’ station in Sicuani, near Cusco (photo by M. Rohrer).Mountain Research Initiative Newsletter no. 2  April 200910Past and present climate trends and futu-re projections are not understood in suf-ficient detail for the Peruvian Andes. In general, a temperature increase of up to 0.3°C/decade has been observed but this pattern is not homogeneous (Vuille et al., 2003). For the Urubamba catchment in Cusco the temperature has increased up to 0.4°C/decade (Rosas et al., 2007). Similarly, climate projections for this region still bear considerable uncertain-ties (Urrutia and Vuille, in press, Fig. 1). Hence, there is a strong need to impro-ve the scientific basis  concerning the type and magnitude of climate change impacts on the local and regional level using adapted downscaling methods. Regional scientific basisThorough analysis of existing long-term climate series form one of the main basis for further impacts assessments. While most studies on climate change in the Andean region have used monthly climate variables, studies within PACC will include analyses of daily variables. This is particularly necessary for an im-proved assessment of climatic extreme events and is being done by the Servicio Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología del Perú (SENAMHI) in collaboration with the Swiss scientific consortium. Long-term climate series date back to the 1960s. However, the scarcity of data in the Andes is challenging, though ty-pical for mountain regions, particular-ly in developing countries. On the one hand this emphasizes the importance of improving current monitoring networks and on the other hand calls for integra-ting additional data sources. Satellite data is a primary choice and may inclu-de rainfall data from the Tropical Rain-fall Measurement Mission (TRMM) or high-resolution optical satellite data for deriving land-cover and glacier infor-mation. Downscaling of future climate projec-tions based on global circulation models (GCM) is an important basis for further impacts analyses (Fig. 2). In the PACC both dynamic and statistical downsca-ling is applied, the former in collabora-tion with different climate centers. The methodologies applied for the analyses of current and future impacts differ according to the three major thematic lines. For water resources, for examp-le, a distributed hydrological model (PREVAH) is adapted and calibrated for application on a regional level. The extreme scarcity of gauging station data is thereby a major challenge. For local water resource studies, inventories of existing surface and subsurface water systems are carried out in collaboration with local people.Science and decision-ma-king dialogue for adaptation measuresThe analysis of cross-sector effects through the thematic lines of water re-sources, food security and natural disas-Figure 2: As an example of climate projections, mean specific humidities are shown for June 1980-1999 based on NCEP Reanalysis (A), and for 2046-2065 for SRES-scenario A1B as modelled in the Global Circulation Models for the central part of South America: Bjerknes Center BCM2 (B), Canadian Center CGHR (C), Hadley Center CM3 (D) and Meteorological Institute of Japan MRI-MRCGCM (E). These IPCC-AR4 based results do not provide sufficient detail and clarity as to whether the dry austral winters in the regions of Cusco and Apurímac (geographic limits indicated) will even be drier in future than at present (data courtesy IPCC).11Mountain Research Initiative Newsletter no. 2 April 2009 ters is an important part of the PACC. This may be illustrated with water re-sources whose changes have effects across agriculture, forestry, natural ha-zards, biodiversity, industry, sanitation, and other sectors. It is evident that the program cannot thoroughly study the effects across all the sectors but some of the key impact sectors need to be identi-fied for adaptation. The human dimensi-on, particularly the people’s perception, is necessarily integrated in this concept to allow for a more complete view on vulnerabilities to climate change. Only with a better understanding of people’s perception of climate change and risks, as well as the perception of different local, regional and national actors will enable an improved design of adaptation mechanisms. It is particularly important to maintain an integrative perspective in this context because the impacts of climate change are multiple and their severity and po-tential damage or cost need to be ana-lyzed in an integrated framework. Cor-responding methodologies developed in integrated assessment studies (Carter et al., 2007), however, are relatively poorly developed on the local level and therefore need to be advanced. The in-terdisciplinary and multi-actor environ-ment of the PACC represents both its strength and complexity. The PACC is a major opportunity to improve the dialo-gue between the scientific community, implementing agencies, and the politi-cal sphere to find more sustainable me-chanisms of climate change adaptation. The strategy of the PACC is to involve all political levels in the program, from the local community to the regional and national governments. This close inte-gration of the political level is a strength of the program but also a difficulty, in particular for the scientific community which is not too familiar to be direct-ly confronted with this perspectives. In this context uncertainties related to na-tural and social aspects of climate chan-ge prevailing in scientific assessments are often difficult to communicate to decision-makers. While uncertainties have been an important issue in climate science for quite a while, they have only recently been systematically approached in the field of climate change adaptation (Dessai and Hulme, 2007). The key for adaptation projects such as the PACC is to find adaptation measures that are ro-bust against uncertainties but yet feasib-le to implement.The global perspectiveThe lack of scientific base lines for ad-aptation projects that often are effective on a local to regional level is a serious problem in view of ongoing climate change and the rising adaptation funds through the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UN-FCCC). Those funds should be predo-minantly directed towards developing countries. The need for scientific base lines on the one hand, and scarce data and observation on the other, is a typi-cal problem found in countries in deve-lopment and in mountain regions. The PACC should therefore have a catalyst function and contribute to the develop-ment of adapted methods that can also be applied in other regions. Collaboration with initiatives and projects in this field is important. In the Andes, the PACC col-laborates and seeks synergies with other ongoing programs such as the Adaptati-on to the Impact of Rapid Glacier Retreat in the Tropical Andes Project (PRAA) of the World Bank/Comunidad Andina, the American Cordillera Transect for Global Change Research and others. AuthorsChristian Hugge1, Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Switzerland chuggel@geo.unizh.chNadine Salzmann, Department of Geography, University of Zurich, SwitzerlandL. Angulo, Intercooperation Cusco, Lima, Peru, and Berne, SwitzerlandPierlugi Calanca, Agroscope Reckenholz-Tänikon, Research Station ART, Zurich, SwitzerlandA. Díaz, Servicio Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología, Senamhi, Lima, PeruCarla Encinas, Intercooperation Cusco, Lima, Peru, and Berne, SwitzerlandTobias Jonas, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Birmensdorf and Davos, Switzerland H. Juárez, Centro Internacional de la Papa, Lima, PeruChristine Jurt, Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Switzerland Thomas Konzelmann, Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology, MeteoSwiss, Zurich, SwitzerlandPablo Lagos, Instituto de Geofísico, Lima, PeruCarmenza Robledo, Intercooperation Cusco, Lima, Peru, and Berne, SwitzerlandMario Rohrer,  Meteodat GmbH, Zurich, SwitzerlandW. Silverio,  University of Geneva, Switzerland Massimiliano  Zappa, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Birmensdorf and Davos, SwitzerlandReferencesBradley, R.S., Vuille, M., Diaz, H.F. Vergara, W. 2006 Threats to water supply in the tropical Andes. Science, 312, 5781, 1755-1756.Carter, T.R., R.N. Jones, X. Lu, S. Bhadwal, C. Conde, L.O. Mearns, B.C. O’Neill, M.D.A. Rounsevell and M.B. Zurek, 2007: Mountain Research Initiative Newsletter no. 2  April 200912New Assessment Methods and the Characterisation of Future Conditions. Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, M.L. Parry, O.F. Canziani, J.P. Palutikof, P.J. van der Linden and C.E. Hanson, Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 133-171.Dessai, S., Hulme, M. 2007. Assessing the robustness of adaptation decisions to climate change uncertainties: a case study on water resources management in the East of England. Global Environmental Change, 17, 59-72.Lagos, P. 2007. Peru’s approach to climate change in the Anden mountain region. Mountain Research and Development, 27, 28-31.Magrin, G., C. Gay García, D. Cruz Choque, J.C. Giménez, A.R. Moreno, G.J. Nagy, C. Nobre, A. Villamizar, 2007. Latin America. Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, M.L. Parry, O.F. Canziani, J.P. Palutikof, P.J. van der Linden and C.E. Hanson, Eds.,Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 581-615.Orlove, B. 2008. Abandoned villages: The herdsman in the Peruvian Andes know that they cannot adapt to climate change (in German). Kulturaustausch, II, 30-31.Vuille, M., Bradley, R.S., Werner, M., Keimig, F. 2003. 20th century climate change in the tropical Andes: observations and model results. Climatic Change, 59, 75-99.Urrutia, R., Vuille, M. In press. Climate change projections for the tropical Andes using regional climate model: temperature and precipitation simulations fo the end of the 21st century. Journal of Geophysical Research. Rosas, G., Avalos, G., Díaz, A., Oria, C., Acuña, D., Metzger, L. and Miguel, R. 2007. Escenarios de cambio climático en la cuenca de los ríos Mantaro y Urubamba para el año 2100. Proyecto Regional Andino de Adaptación – PRAA, Servicio Nacio-nal de Meteorología e Hidrología del Perú (SENAMHI), Lima Peru, pp. 124.

A new Peruvian-Swiss program on climate change adaptation: advancing towards integrated climate change research, imple- mentation and science-policy dialogue

University of ZurichZurich Open Repository and ArchiveWinterthurerstr. 190CH-8057 Zurichhttp://www.zora.uzh.chYear: 2009A new Peruvian-Swiss Program on climate change adaptation:advancing towards integrative climate change research,implementation and science-policy dialogueHuggel, C; Salzmann, N; Angulo, L; Calanca, P; Díaz, A; Encinas, C; Jonas, T; Juárez,H; Jurt, C; Konzelmann, T; Lagos, P; Robledo, C; Rohrer, M; Silverio, W; Zappa, MHuggel, C; Salzmann, N; Angulo, L; Calanca, P; Díaz, A; Encinas, C; Jonas, T; Juárez, H; Jurt, C; Konzelmann, T;Lagos, P; Robledo, C; Rohrer, M; Silverio, W; Zappa, M (2009). A new Peruvian-Swiss Program on climate changeadaptation: advancing towards integrative climate change research, implementation and science-policy dialogue.Newsletter of the Mountain Research Initiative, 2:11-14.Postprint available at:http://www.zora.uzh.chPosted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich.http://www.zora.uzh.chOriginally published at:Newsletter of the Mountain Research Initiative 2009, 2:11-14.Huggel, C; Salzmann, N; Angulo, L; Calanca, P; Díaz, A; Encinas, C; Jonas, T; Juárez, H; Jurt, C; Konzelmann, T;Lagos, P; Robledo, C; Rohrer, M; Silverio, W; Zappa, M (2009). A new Peruvian-Swiss Program on climate changeadaptation: advancing towards integrative climate change research, implementation and science-policy dialogue.Newsletter of the Mountain Research Initiative, 2:11-14.Postprint available at:http://www.zora.uzh.chPosted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich.http://www.zora.uzh.chOriginally published at:Newsletter of the Mountain Research Initiative 2009, 2:11-14.11Mountain Research Initiative Newsletter no. 2 April 2009 A new Peruvian-Swiss Program on Climate Change Adaptation: Advancing towards Integrated Climate Change Research, Im-plementation and Science-Policy DialogueScience PeaksThe Andes: highly vulnerable to climate changeMountain regions in developing coun-tries are particularly vulnerable to cli-mate change. These regions need rea-dily available base lines of expected impacts on the regional and local level to to plan and implement effective and socially consistent adaptation measures. However, the field of climate change im-pacts and adaptation is highly complex on both scientific and implementation levels. Main reasons include impacts on different ecological services and so-cio-economic systems, related feedback effects, and a multi-actor environment within different levels of social and po-litical systems. The Peruvian Andes are among the most vulnerable areas to climate chan-ge (Bradley et al., 2006, Magrin et al., 2007). In collaboration with the Peruvi-an Ministry of Environment, the Swiss Agency for Development and Coopera-tion (SDC) recently initiated a program on climate change adaptation (PACC – Programa de Adaptación al Cambio Climático) in two regions of the Peru-vian Andes.Key parameters of PACCThe PACC is implemented by a NGO consortium led by Intercooperation. Scientific support is provided by seve-ral scientific institutions in Peru, and a scientific consortium in Switzerland, which includes Meteoswiss, Meteodat, Agroscope Reckenholz-Tänikon ART, the Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL-SLF, the University of Geneva and is led by the University of Zurich.The programme focuses on three major thematic lines: (i) disaster risk reduc-tion; (ii) water resource management; and (iii) food security. Geographically, it focuses on the Cusco and Apurímac regions in the south of Peru between about 3000 and more than 4000 m asl, with mountain peaks rising to over 6000 m asl. The total popu- lation of the regions is around 1.5 mil-lion, with about 40% suffering from malnutrition and over 75% lacking ba-sic needs. Poverty-related problems are particularly pronounced in rural areas. As a consequence, the regions have li-mited adaptive capacity to adverse ef-fects of climate change (Lagos, 2007). The Andean regions of Peru have two distinct seasons, a rainy period in austral summer and a dry period in austral win-ter. During the dry season, many parts of these regions rely on water resources from glaciers, and rural indigenous peo-ple are in fact observing with increasing concern the glacier retreat of the past years and decades (Orlove, 2008). Glacier retreat and changing water re-sources are not the only relevant cli-mate change impacts. Extreme climatic events such as cold waves have struck more severely in recent years. The rural population is especially affected by loss of crops and cattle caused by cold waves and droughts. In addition to slow-onset climatic disasters (e.g. droughts) the magnitude and recurrence of rapid geo-morphic hazards such as landslides may be altered due to climate change.We need to improve the prediction of the type and magnitude of climate chan-ge on the local and regional level using adapted downscaling methods. Past Figure 1: Meteorological and hydrological stations in the Andes are often maintained by local people. Here a campesina explains ‘her’ station in Sicuani, near Cusco (photo by M. Rohrer).Mountain Research Initiative Newsletter no. 2  April 200912and present climate trends and future projections are not understood in suffi-cient detail for the Peruvian Andes. In general, a temperature increase of up to 0.3°C/decade has been observed but this pattern is not homogeneous (Vuille et al., 2003). For the Urubamba catchment in Cusco the temperature has increased up to 0.4°C/decade (Rosas et al., 2007). Similarly, climate projections for this region are still uncertain (Urrutia and Vuille, in press).Regional scientific basisThorough analysis of existing long-term climate series forms one basis for further impacts assessments (Fig.1). While most studies on climate change in the Andean region have used monthly climate vari-ables, studies within PACC will include analyses of daily variables. This analy-sis is particularly necessary for an im-proved assessment of climatic extreme events and is being done by the Servicio Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología del Perú (SENAMHI) in collaboration with the Swiss scientific consortium. Long-term climate series date back to the 1960s. However, the scarcity of data in the Andes is challenging, though typi-cal for mountain regions, particularly in developing countries. On the one hand this scarcity emphasizes the importance of improving current monitoring net-works and on the other hand calls for integrating additional data sources. Sa-tellite data are a primary choice and may include rainfall data from the Tro-pical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM) or high-resolution optical sa-tellite data for deriving land-cover and glacier information. Downscaling of future climate projec-tions based on global circulation mo-dels (GCM) provides a basis for further impacts analyses (Fig. 2). In the PACC both dynamic and statistical downsca-ling is applied, the former in collabora-tion with different climate centers. The three major thematic lines require different methodologies. For water resources, for example, a distributed hydrological model (PREVAH) is adap-ted and calibrated for application on a regional level. The extreme scarcity of gauging station data is thereby a major challenge. For local water resource stu-dies, inventories of existing surface and subsurface water systems are carried out in collaboration with local people.Science and decision- making dialogue for adapta-tion measuresPACC emphasizes the analysis of cross-sector effects through the thematic lines of water resources, food security and natural disasters. For instance, changes in water resources impact agriculture, forestry, natural hazards, biodiversity, industry, sanitation, and other sectors. The program cannot thoroughly study the effects across all the sectors but Figure 2: As an example of climate projections, mean specific humidities are shown for June 1980-1999 based on NCEP Reanalysis (A), and for June 2046-2065 for SRES-scenario A1B as modelled in the Global Circulation Models for the central part of South Ame-rica: Bjerknes Center BCM2 (B), Canadian Center CGHR (C), Hadley Center CM3 (D) and Meteorological Institute of Japan MRI-MRCGCM (E). These IPCC-AR4 based results do not provide sufficient detail and clarity as to whether the dry austral winters in the regions of Cusco and Apurímac (geographic limits indicated) will even be drier in future than at present (data courtesy IPCC).13Mountain Research Initiative Newsletter no. 2 April 2009 must choose some key impact sectors for adaptation. The human dimension, particularly the people’s perception, is necessarily integrated in this concept to allow for a more complete view on vul-nerabilities to climate change. A better understanding of people’s perception of climate change and risks, and of the per-spectives of different local, regional and national actors will enable an improved design of adaptation mechanisms. PACC promotes an integrated frame-work for the assessment of potential impacts, damages and costs. Correspon-ding methodologies developed in inte-grated assessment studies (Carter et al., 2007), however, are relatively poorly de-veloped on the local level and therefore need to be advanced. The PACC has a major opportunity to improve the dialo-gue between the scientific community, implementing agencies, and the politi-cal sphere to find more sustainable me-chanisms of climate change adaptation. PACC involves all political levels in the program, from the local community to the regional and national governments. This close integration of the political le-vel is a strength of the program but also a difficulty for the scientific communi-ty, which is not familiar with political discourse. In this context uncertainties related to natural and social aspects of climate change prevailing in scientific assessments are often difficult to com-municate to decision-makers. While un-certainties have been an important issue in climate science, they have only re-cently been systematically approached in the field of climate change adaptation (Dessai and Hulme, 2007). The key for adaptation projects such as the PACC is to find adaptation measures that are ro-bust against uncertainties but yet feasib-le to implement.The global perspectiveThe lack of scientific base lines for ad-aptation projects at a local to regional level is a serious problem in view of ongoing climate change and the highly debated adaptation funds through the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The need for scientific base lines on the one hand, and scarce data and observa-tion on the other, is a typical problem found in countries in development and in mountain regions. The PACC should therefore serve as a catalyst for the de-velopment of adapted methods applica-ble in other regions as well. Collaboration with initiatives and pro-jects in this field is important. In the Andes, the PACC collaborates and seeks synergies with other ongoing programs such as the Adaptation to the Impact of Rapid Glacier Retreat in the Tropical Andes Project (PRAA) of the World Bank/Comunidad Andina, the American Cordillera Transect for Glo-bal Change Research and others. AuthorsChristian Hugge1, Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Switzerland, christian.huggel@geo.uzh.chNadine Salzmann, Department of Geography, University of Zurich, SwitzerlandLenkiza Angulo, Intercooperation Cusco, Lima, PeruPierluigi Calanca, Agroscope Reckenholz-Tänikon, Research Station ART, Zurich, SwitzerlandAmelia Díaz, Servicio Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología, Senamhi, Lima, PeruCarla Encinas, Intercooperation Cusco, Lima, PeruTobias Jonas, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Davos, Switzerland Henry Juárez, Centro Internacional de la Papa, Lima, PeruChristine Jurt, Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Switzerland Thomas Konzelmann, Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology, MeteoSwiss, Zurich, SwitzerlandPablo Lagos, Instituto de Geofísico, Lima, PeruCarmenza Robledo, Intercooperation Bern, SwitzerlandMario Rohrer,  Meteodat GmbH, Zurich, SwitzerlandWalter Silverio,  University of Geneva, Switzerland Massimiliano  Zappa, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Birmensdorf, SwitzerlandReferencesBradley, R.S., Vuille, M., Diaz, H.F., Vergara, W. 2006. Threats to water supply in the tropical Andes. Science, 312, 5781:1755-1756Carter, T.R., Jones, R.N., Lu, X., S., Bhadwal, C., Conde, L.O., Mearns, B.C., O’Neill, M.D., Rounsevell, A. and Zurek, M.B., Mountain Research Initiative Newsletter no. 2  April 2009142007. New Assessment Methods and the Characterisation of Future Conditions. Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, M.L. Parry, O.F. Canziani, J.P. Palutikof, P.J. van der Linden and C.E. Hanson, Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK:133-171.Dessai, S., Hulme, M., 2007. Assessing the robustness of adaptation decisions to climate change uncertainties: a case study on water resources management in the East of England. Global Environmental Change, 17:59-72.Lagos, P., 2007. Peru’s approach to climate change in the Anden mountain region. Mountain Research and Development, 27:28-31.Magrin, G., Gay García, C., Cruz Choque, D., Giménez, J.C., Moreno, A.R., Nagy, G.J., Nobre, C., Villamizar, A., 2007. Latin America. Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, M.L. Parry, O.F. Canziani, J.P. Palutikof, P.J. van der Linden and C.E. Hanson, Eds.,Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK:581-615.Orlove, B., 2008. Abandoned villages: The herdsman in the Peruvian Andes know that they cannot adapt to climate change (in German). Kulturaustausch, II:30-31.Vuille, M., Bradley, R.S., Werner, M., Keimig, F., 2003. 20th century climate change in the tropical Andes: observations and model results. Climatic Change, 59:75-99.Urrutia, R., Vuille, M. In press. Climate change projections for the tropical Andes using regional climate model: temperature and precipitation simulations fo the end of the 21st century. Journal of Geophysical Research. Rosas, G., Avalos, G., Díaz, A., Oria, C., Acuña, D., Metzger, L. and Miguel, R., 2007. Escenarios de cambio climático en la cuenca de los ríos Mantaro y Urubamba para el año 2100. Proyecto Regional Andino de Adaptación – PRAA, Servicio Nacio-nal de Meteorología e Hidrología del Perú (SENAMHI), Lima Peru, pp. 124.Science Peaks

A new Peruvian-Swiss Program on climate change adaptation: advancing towards integrative climate change research, implementation and science-policy dialogue

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A new Peruvian-Swiss Program on climate change adaptation: advancing towards integrative climate change research, implementation and science-policy dialogue

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