Conforming to urban development needs, in accordance with ecological and low-carbon requirements, is the first priority of contemporary urban construction. At the first stages of planning a new town, energy planning and analysis, and establishing sustainable energy development strategies, are methods to reinforce the ideal of an ecological city. Therefore, to meet urban planning requirements, energy planning often requires determination of the energy consumption index, and knowledge of local energy demands and natural and social environments (to build a reasonable energy structure), adjusted through the evaluation,design, and optimization of the construction of ecological cities. This paper explores energy planning through an analysis of the application of energy sources in the planning of the eco-city of Jinan City

He, Wenjing

Hou, Shan

Jones, Phillip

Li, Xiaojun

Online Research @ Cardiff

	 Energy	Performance	Plan	Analysis	in	a	New	Ecological	City		Wenjing	He1,2,	Philip	Jones2,	Xiaojun	Li2and	Shanshan	Hou2			1	Shandong	Jianzhu	University,	Jinan,	China,hwjarc@hotmail.com;	2	Welsh	School	of	Architecture,	Cardiff	University,	Cardiff,	United	Kingdom		Abstract:	 Conforming	 to	 urban	 development	 needs,	 in	 accordance	 with	 ecological	 and	 low-carbon	requirements,	 is	 the	 first	priority	of	 contemporary	urban	construction.	At	 the	 first	 stages	of	planning	a	new	town,	energy	planning	and	analysis,	and	establishing	sustainable	energy	development	strategies,	are	methods	to	reinforce	the	ideal	of	an	ecological	city.	Therefore,	to	meet	urban	planning	requirements,	energy	planning	often	requires	determination	of	the	energy	consumption	index,	and	knowledge	of	local	energy	demands	and	natural	 and	 social	 environments	 (to	 build	 a	 reasonable	 energy	 structure),	 adjusted	 through	 the	 evaluation,	design,	and	optimization	of	the	construction	of	ecological	cities.	This	paper	explores	energy	planning	through	an	analysis	of	the	application	of	energy	sources	in	the	planning	of	the	eco-city	of	Jinan	City.		Keywords:	 Energy	 Performance，Energy	 Analysis，New	 Ecological	 City,	 Scenario	 setting,	 energy-resource	structure		Introduction	An	 Eco-city	 is	 one	 in	 which	 energy	 consumption,	 pollution,	 and	 emissions	 rates	 are	 low,	thereby	 saving	 energy	 and	 enhancing	 environmental	 protection.	 Currently,	 China	 is	constructing	a	large	number	of	new	ecological	cities	to	adapt	the	development	of	the	city,	economy,	 and	 population	 for	 an	 ecological	 purpose.	 At	 the	 beginning	 of	 planning	 a	 new	town,	it	is	important	that	energy	planning	is	conducted	and	applied	to	ensure	that	the	goal	of	building	an	ecological	city	is	fully	realized.	In	the	design	of	the	‘Xiuyuan		river	ecological	zone’	 in	 Jinan	 City,	 China,	 the	 energy	 consumption	 analysis	 and	 optimization	 method	 is	adopted	to	fulfil	ecological	goals.	City	profile	Jinan	City	is	located	in	central	Shandong	Province,	and	the	Xiuyuan	river	eco-city	is	located	in	the	western	area	of	the	old	Jinan	city,	with	a	total	area	of	23.75	km2,	and	planned	floor	area	 of	 28,700,000	m2.	 The	 land	 is	mostly	 undeveloped,	 and	 the	 river	 flows	 through	 the	center	of	the	eco-city.	Research	method	The	demand	for	a	green	eco-city	is	forecast	by	the	scenario	analysis	method,	which	is	based	on	 eco-city	 planning,	 research	 on	 energy	 consumption	 in	 existing	 buildings,	 and	 an	understanding	and	analysis	of	energy	consumption.	A	 scheme	 for	 renewable	 energy	 planning,	 based	 on	 an	 assessment	 of	 renewable	energy	 resources	 such	 as	 solar	 energy,	 shallow	 geothermal	 energy,	 wind	 energy,	 and	conventional	coal	and	gas	energy	in	the	total	land	area,	is	proposed.	The	 viability	 of	 various	 renewable	 energy	 sources	 is	 investigated,	 based	 on	 an	assessment	of	 renewable	energy	 that	matched	 construction	 types	with	 renewable	energy	source.	A	 type	 of	 renewable	 energy	 suitable	 for	 each	 area	 is	 also	 proposed;	 by	 making	efficient	and	 rational	use	of	energy	programs,	 renewable	energy	sources	 in	 the	ecological	demonstration	 area	 and	 the	municipal	 energy	 supply	 combined	 bear	 the	 primary	 energy	load	in	the	region,	suggesting	a	reasonable	energy	system	and	mode	of	operation.	Energy	demand	forecast	The	energy	consumption	of	the	region	is	divided	into	heating	load,	gas	load,	and	power	load.	According	to	the	regional	energy	demand,	heating	load	includes	industrial	heating,	domestic	hot	water	use,	and	summer	air	condition.	Gas	load	includes	residential	cooking,	commercial	cooking,	 industrial,	 direct	 combustion	 engine,	 and	 gas	 vehicles.	 Electricity	 load	 includes	residential,	public	facilities,	industry,	business,	and	others.		Basic	scenario	settings	According	 to	 the	 construction	 status	 and	 the	 requirements	 of	 China's	 policy	 standards,	based	 on	 the	 buildings	 energy	 consumption	 standards	 in	 1980,	 short-	 and	 long-term	residential	 building	 constructions	 require	 energy-savings	 of	 75%	 and	 80%,	 new	 public	buildings	 require	 energy-savings	 of	 65%,	 and	 the	 status	 quo	 is	 to	 maintain	 buildings	according	to	current	research	results.	Recently,	public-building	commercial	gas	consumption	has	accounted	for	60%	of	 residential	gas	use,	and	 long-term	commercial	gas	consumption	accounted	for	100%	of	residential	gas	use.	In	the	long-term,	gas-vehicle	gasification	rate	is	also	considered.	Residential	building	energy	consumption	basic	scenario	Residential	 land	 construction	 is	divided	 into	 three	 categories:	 residential,	 basic	education,	and	 community	 services.	 Among	 them,	 the	 basic	 scenario	 parameters	 include	 the	performance	 parameters	 of	 short/long-term	 new-building	 thermal	 envelopes,	 indoor	thermal	 envelopes	 (lighting,	 equipment,	 personnel),	 indoor	 environmental	 control	parameters,	 heating	 and	 air	 conditioning	 system	 operation	 mode,	 and	 other	 parameters	based	on	the	"	Shandong	Province	Residential	Building	Energy	Efficiency	Design	Standards	"	(DBJ	14-037-2012)	design.	The	conditions	for	maintaining	the	building	energy	consumption	indicators	were	based	on	 research	of	 current	conditions.	The	building	heating	 time	 is	120	days,	and	the	air	conditioning	period	cooling	time	is	61	days.	The	summer	indoor	temperature	and	humidity	were	set	at	26	°C/60%,	and	the	winter	indoor	temperature	and	humidity	were	set	to	18	°C/40%.	The	room	ventilation	time	was	1	hr.	to	meet	typical	user	comfort	requirements.	Basic	 educational	 buildings	 include	 primary	 and	 junior	 high	 schools,	 and	 the	 air	conditioning	system	is	open	Monday	to	Friday	with	a	running	time	of	08:00-12:00	and	14:00	-18:00.	In	community	service	facilities,	the	air	conditioning	system	is	constantly	running,	and	the	daily	running	time	is	set	between	8:00-21:00.	Public	building	terminal	energy	consumption	basic	scenario	Public	 buildings	 include	 business	 offices,	 commercial	 buildings,	 municipal	 buildings,	 and	other	public	facilities.	The	basic	scenario	parameters	are	consistent	with	those	of	residential	buildings.	Energy	consumption	of	industrial	and	municipal	buildings	Industrial	facilities	cover	the	food	processing,	logistics,	and	transport	sectors.	The	total	area	of	industrial	land	is	12.9	ha.	As	it	is	only	office	energy	consumption	and	does	not	include	the	actual	 output	 value	 of	 industrial	 buildings,	 energy	 consumption	 indicators,	 in	 accordance	with	R&D	office	building	energy	consumption	indicators,	are	only	calculated.	Municipal	 buildings	 mainly	 include	 postal	 services	 and	 telecommunications,	transportation,	and	environmental	sanitation;	their	energy	consumption	is	similar	to	that	of	community	service	facilities,	so	energy	consumption	targets	were	referenced	from	those	of	community	service	buildings.	Heating	load	The	building	area	 is	 calculated	using	 the	area	 to	 floor	area	 ratio.	 The	heating	area	 covers	90%	of	 the	building	area,	 a	 total	of	25.83	million	m2,	 and	has	a	heating	 rate	of	100%(see	table	1).	Simultaneity	usage	coefficient	of	heating	load	design	is	0.7.		Table	1.	All	types	of	buildings	and	their	heating	areas	and	heating	rates 	The	urban	area	of	 the	eco-city	accounted	 for	70%	of	 the	construction	area,	giving	a	total	 of	 20.09	 million	 m2.	 According	 to	 the	 "Urban	 Heating	 Pipe	 Network	 Design	Specifications"	(CJJ	34-2010),	and	the	types	of	constructions	in	the	region,	a	comprehensive	cooling	data	would	require	75	W/m2.	Simultaneity	usage	coefficient	of	design	heating	load	for	air-conditioning	is	0.7.		According	 to	 the	 "Urban	Heating	Pipe	Network	Design	 Specifications"	 (CJJ	 34-2010),	daily	 residential	 hot	water	 use	 has	 a	 daily	 average	 heating	 load	 data	 of	 12	W/m2.	 Other	buildings	has	a	daily	hot	water	data	of	10	W/m2,	and	hot	water	has	a	design	load	factor	of	0.65.	Based	on	the	above	analysis,	designed	heating	load	of	this	city	in	short-	and	long-term	can	be	calculated(see	table	2).			Table	2.	Designed	heating	load（103	kWh） 						Building	type	 Construction	area		(103m2)	Heating	area		(103	m2)	 Rate（%）	Residence	 20,140	 18,126	 70.2	Office	 2,010	 1,809	 7	Business	 4,890	 4,401	 17	Culture	and	entertainment	 420	 378	 1.5	Industry	 1,110	 1,000	 3.9	Others	 130	 117	 1	Total	 28,700	 25,830	 100	Type	 2017	 2020	Heating	 5,450	 10,090	Cooling	 5,690	 10,540	Hot	water	 890	 1,640	Gas	load	The	 residential	 heat	 quota	 was	 2300	 MJ/person·year,	 with	 a	 gasification	 rate	 of	100%.	According	to	the	scenario,	the	industrial	gas	consumption	data	was	1	m³/100m2•day.	The	storage	gas	consumption	indicator	was	0.2	m³/100m2•day,	and	gas	consumption	of	the	thermoelectric	 cooling	 triple	 for	 direct	 gas	 turbine	 was	 1	 m³/100m2•day.	 Based	 on	 the	above	analysis,	gas	load	of	this	city	in	short-	and	long-term	can	be	calculated	(see	table	3).		Table	3.		Gas	load Electricity	load	The	electricity	load	in	the	eco-city	is	divided	into	five	categories:	residential,	public	facilities,	industrial,	commercial,	and	others.	Load	forecasting	is	carried	out	according	to	the	density	data	 method,	 and	 the	 effect	 of	 energy	 saving	 measures	 is	 determined.	 The	 prediction	results	in	electricity	load	of	108.14	million	kwh,	with	a	load	density	of	20.1	MW/km2.	Energy	structure	and	evaluation	In	 consideration	of	 the	energy	 situation	and	natural	 resources	 in	 the	eco-city,	 Energy	use	model	 is	 based	 on	 conventional	 energy,	 distributed	 energy,	 industrial	 waste	 heat,	 new	energy	and	renewable	energy	supplement,	all	kinds	of	energy	complement	each	other.	This	will	 ensure	 that	 the	urban	 energy	 supply	 is	 safe	 and	 reliable,	 reducing	 the	 green	 eco-city	carbon	emissions.	Distributed	energy	systems	The	core	business	district	area	is	about	1,770,000m2.	The	energy	supply	station	uses	natural	gas	 as	 fuel	 for	 the	 region	 to	 provide	 CCHP,	 because	 of	 energetic	 and	 electrical	 safety	requirements,	and	can	reduce	energy	consumption	by	60%.	Industrial	waste	heat	utilization	system	Power	 plants	 can	 circulate	 low	 temperature	 water	 resource	 waste	 to	 improve	 their	comprehensive	energy	efficiency,	and	reuse	waste	heat.	Urban	power	plants	have	a	heating	capacity	of	about	20	million	m2,	and	accounting	 for	pipeline	 transport	distance,	heat,	and	other	factors,	an	area	of	about	8.6	million	m2	in	the	planned	construction	area	can	receive	energy	from	Jinan	City	power	plant	using	waste	heat.	New	Energy	and	Renewable	Energy	Systems	Solar	photovoltaic,	light	and	heat	resources	assessment	The	eco-city	 is	 located	 in	an	area	with	a	warm,	 temperate,	 semi-humid	monsoon	climate.	The	average	annual	solar	radiation	intensity	is	330	W/m2,	average	daily	sunshine	duration	of	Load	 2017		 2020		Annual	gas	consumption	（103	m³）	20,030	 42,950	Annual	average	（m³/d）	 54,873	 118,154	Calculate	monthly	average	day	（m³/d）	65,566	 151,066	Peak	hours	（m³/h)	 9,316	 18,587	 6.9	h,	annual	sunshine	duration	of	2,516.9	h,	total	annual	radiation	of	5120.50	MJ/m2,	and	average	solar	 radiation	 intensity	of	330	W/m2.	Areas	where	 the	daily	 sunshine	duration	 is	greater	than	6	h,	and	average	monthly	temperature	is	greater	than	10	°C		for	239	days,	are		rich	 in	 solar	 energy	 resources,	 and	have	 the	 potential	 to	 develop	 solar	 thermal	 and	 solar	power	industries.	Solar	 energy	 supply	 potential	 is	 calculated	 as	 Solar	 energy	 supply	 potential	 (kWh)	 =	land	area	×	planned	building	density	×	annual	total	solar	radiation	[MJ	/	(m2·a)]	×	usable	roof	area	 rate	 (%)	 ×	 solar	 cell	 area	 and	 usable	 roof	 area	 (%)	 ×	 solar	 power	 supply	 system	conversion	 efficiency	 (%)	 ×	 building	 photovoltaic	 curtain	 wall	 application	 additional	coefficient(see	table	4).		Table	4.	Estimation	Coefficient	of	Solar	Photovoltaic	Supply	Capacity		Public	 buildings	 with	 solar	 panels	 can	 provide	 0.19	 billion	 kWh	 of	 electricity,	 only	considering	 the	 provision	 of	 living	 electricity	 demand	 and	 ignoring	 the	 comprehensive	energy	 efficiency	 of	 solar	 photovoltaic	 systems,	 system	 investment	 recovery	 period,	 and	other	economic	factors,	reducing	coal	use	by	0.69	million	tons.	Solar	heat	can	be	used	in	residential	lands,	primary	and	secondary	schools,	and	other	plots,	which	are	large-scale	uses	of	solar	resources.		Other	uses	of	a	centralized	solar	water	heating	 system	 in	 residential	 and	 commercial	 land	 development	 can	 demonstrate	 the	suitability	of	a	solar	thermal	system.	If	the	solar	panels	 in	the	eco-city	area	region	provide	heat	of	about	22×108	MJ,	this	provides	60%	of	residential	buildings’	energy	requirements	Evaluation	of	shallow	geothermal	energy	resources	in	soil	source	The	distribution	of	geothermal	soil	heat	in	the	ecological	city	area	is	within	100-400	meters	of	the	surface,	and	the	temperature	of	the	soil	and	groundwater	equal	to	the	local	average	temperature,	and	 is	not	affected	by	the	environment	or	climate.	Throughout	 the	year	 the	heat	fluctuates	but	maintains	a	balance.	Utilizing	shallow	soil	geothermal	energy	is	suitable	for	areas	of	smaller	building	density.	According	to	the	plans	for	the	eco-city,	the	construction	area	for	the	low-density	residential	area,	 basic	 education,	 community	 services,	 and	 the	 other	 buildings	 with	 smaller	 building	density	is	in	the	northern	part	of	the	zone,	with	an	area	of	800,000	m2.	Evaluation	of	shallow	geothermal	energy	resources	for	surface	water	sources	In	the	planning	area,	annual	runoff	from	the	river	is	large,	and	water	flow	is	good;	however,	due	 to	 large	 temperature	 differences	 between	 the	 river	 and	 the	water	 source,	 the	water	source	can	not	be	used	for	the	water	heat	pump.	The	city	can	not	use	a	river	water	heating	pump	system	for	water	resource	protection,	and	other	reasons.	Building	type Roof	utilization	rate	Battery	pack	/	roof	area	Photoelectric	system	conversion	efficiency	Additional	coefficient	of	photovoltaic	curtain	wall	Business	 40%	 50%	 15%	 1.2	Office	 40%	 50%	 15%	 1.5	Market	 40%	 50%	 15%	 1.0	Community	service	 20%	 50%	 15%	 1.0	Education	 60%	 50%	 15%	 1.0	Wind	energy	resource	assessment	Jinan	has	an	effective	wind	energy	density	of	150-200	W/m2,	which	can	be	combined	with	the	river	landscape	and	solar-wind	complementary	street	lamps.	Energy	planning	conclusions	Through	the	analysis	of	the	attributes	of	the	new	city	and	the	potential	of	local	renewable	energy	resources,	this	paper	analyzes	new	and	renewable	energy	generation	and	utilization	strategies,	and	provides	 support	 for	optimizing	 the	energy	structure	of	 the	new	city.	New	energy	and	renewable	energy	 in	 this	zone	will	generate	about	100.14×107	kWh	by	2020,	with	 carbon	 dioxide	 emissions	 of	 356,900	 tons,	 a	 renewable	 energy	 utilization	 ratio	 of	15.19%(see	 table	 5),	 waste	 heat	 utilization	 of	 3.03%,	 and	 clean	 energy	 utilization	 rate	 of	100%.	Table	5.	New	energy	and	renewable	energy	replacement	rate	Conclusion	To	develop	a	scientific	and	rational	renewable	energy	utilization	plan	for	an	eco-city,		energy	demand	 should	 be	 forecast,	 and	 new	 and	 renewable	 energy	 resources	 assessed	 and	combined	with	new	and	renewable	energy	conversion	system	performance	characteristics.	It	should	be	conducted	that	analysis	of	construction	sites	for	renewable	energy	supplies	and	energy	 demand;	 and	 new	 and	 renewable	 energy	 engineering	 practices	 should	 be	established	based	on	new	and	renewable	energy	capacity,	preference,	 reliability,	 stability,	technical	 difficulty,	 economic	 and	 environmental	 conditions,	 and	 other	 aspects	 of	 the	evaluation.	 An	 applicability	 priority	 gradient,	 and	 the	 establishment	 of	 engineering	feasibility	criteria,	will	be	of	use	for	a	renewable	energy	target	assigned	to	each	area	of	land	and	will	help	achieve	the	goal	of	ecological	planning.	Acknowledgment	This	 paper	 is	 funded	 from	 Natural	 Science	 Foundation	 of	 Shandong	 Province,	China(ZR2014JL034).	References	Phil	 Jones	 (2016).	 Ecocities—A	 Bottom-Up	 Project	 Driven	 Approach,	 Urban	 Environment	Design,101(06)	,193-197	Phil	 Jones,	 Xiaojun	 Li,	 Shanshan	Hou	 (2016).	Urban	 Scale	 Energy	Modelling	 in	 the	Built	 Environment,	Urban	Environment	Design,101(06)	,254-265	Huang	 Jianxiang,	Wang	 Yali,	 Peng	 Rong	 (2016).	 Urban	Microclimate	 &	 Pedestrian	 Comfort	 in	 Dense	Cities,	Urban	Environment	Design,101(06)	,266-27	Shandong	Province	Residential	Building	Energy	Efficiency	Design	Standards	(DBJ	14-037-2012)	Urban	Heating	Pipe	Network	Design	Specifications	(CJJ	34-2010)	Energy	type	 Quality（103kWh）	 Annual	Occupancy	ratio(%)	Solar	heating	 782,028	 11.98	PV	 197,100	 3.02	Shallow	soil	geothermal	 6,700	 0.15	Wind	energy	 1,670	 0.04	Total	 987,498	 15.19	 

Energy performance plan analysis in a new ecological city

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Energy performance plan analysis in a new ecological city

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