The mimosa webworm, Homadaula anisocentra, overwinters in the pupal stage. Two parasites, Parania geniculata and Elasmus albizziae, are associated with overwintering pupae or the immediate prepupal larvae. Combined parasitism during the winters of 1981-82,1982-83, and 1983-84 was 2.1,3.9, and 2.9%, respectively

Bastian, R. A

Cheetham, T.

Hart, E. R

Miller, F. D

English

Valparaiso University

The Great Lakes Entomologist Volume 20 Number 3 - Fall 1987 Number 3 - Fall 1987 Article 7 October 1987 Parasites Recovered From Overwintering Mimosa Webworm, Homadaula Anisocentra (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) F. D. Miller Office of Agricultural Entomology T. Cheetham Iowa State University R. A. Bastian Iowa State University E. R. Hart Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle  Part of the Entomology Commons Recommended Citation Miller, F. D.; Cheetham, T.; Bastian, R. A.; and Hart, E. R. 1987. "Parasites Recovered From Overwintering Mimosa Webworm, Homadaula Anisocentra (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)," The Great Lakes Entomologist, vol 20 (3) Available at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol20/iss3/7 This Peer-Review Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Biology at ValpoScholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in The Great Lakes Entomologist by an authorized administrator of ValpoScholar. For more information, please contact a ValpoScholar staff member at scholar@valpo.edu. 1987 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST 143 PARASITES RECOVERED FROM OVERWINTERING MIMOSA WEBWORM, HOMADAULA ANISOCENTRA (LEPIDOPTERA: PLUTELLIDAE)! F. D. Miller, Jr. 2 , T. Cheetham3 , R. A. Bastian3 , and E. R. Hart3 ABSTRACT The mimosa webworm, Homadaula anisocentra, overwinters in the pupal stage. Two parasites, Parania geniculata and Elasmus albizziae, are associated with overwintering pupae or the immediate prepupal larvae. Combined parasitism during the winters of 1981-82,1982-83, and 1983-84 was 2.1,3.9, and 2.9%, respectively. The mimosa webworm (MWW) , Homadaula anisocentra Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) is an important pest of ornamental honeylocust Gleditsia triacanthos L., as well as of mimosa, Albizzia julibrissin Durazzini, throughout most of the North American range of these trees. The aesthetic loss resulting from extensive defoliation by MWW larvae has limited the desirability of honeylocust, especially, as a landscape tree in many areas. The MWW is a bivoltine species in the north-central United States. The first generation larvae pupate within webbed leaves on the tree. The second-generation larvae disperse from the foliage in the fall and spin cocoons in cracks and crevices on trees, houses, and other vertical objects, and overwinter in the pupal stage. Nine species of insects have been reported as primary parasites of the MWW (Table 1) (Krombein et al. 1979; J. W. Peacock, USDA-Forest Service, pers. comm.). It was not known, however, which of these species were associated with the overwintering stage ofMWW and what impact such parasites might have. As part of a major research project on the overwintering survivorship of the MWW, a study was made to det rmine the role of parasitism on this overwintering population. This study had the following objectives: (1) to identify any parasites associated with overwintering MWW, (2) to determine the level of parasitism in overwintering MWW, and (3) to determine the effects of winter temperatures on parasite survival. MATERIALS AND METHODS In early September of each year for 1981, 1982, and 1983, field observations of larval activity were conducted to determine the time of larval maturation. Before dispersal and pupation began, artificial pupation chambers made from corrugated cardboard wraps were placed on infested honeylocust trees in Ames, Iowa, to collect overwintering MWW (Miller and Hart, 1987). These wraps were collected in late October, after all MWW IJoumal Paper No. J-12423 of the Iowa Agriculture and Home Economics Experiment Station, Ames, Iowa. Project No. 2379. 20ffice of Agricultural Entomology, 172 Natural Resources Building, 607 East Peabody Drive, Champaign, IL 61820. 3Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011. 1Miller et al.: Parasites Recovered From Overwintering Mimosa Webworm, <i>HomadauPublished by ValpoScholar, 1987144 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 20, No.3 Table 1. Reported primary parasites associated with mimosa web worm larvae and pupae. Diptera Tachinidae Hemisturmia tortricis (Coq.)b Hymenoptera Braconidae Agathis cineta (Cresson)" Apanteles hyphantriae Riley' Ichneumonidae Enytus obliteratus (Cresson)' Diadegma Sp.2 Ophionellus fouts! (Cushman)" Parania geniculata (Holmgren)'·b Eulopbidae Elasmus albizziae Burks"·b.c Paraolinx canadensis Miller" aKrombein et al., 1979. bJ. W. Peacock, USDA-Forest Service, personal communication. <J. Appleby, Illinois Natural History Survey, rearing record. larval movement and pupation activity had ceased and temperatures had reached levels that precluded significant activity by most other insects. The carboard wraps were cut into strips containing at least 150--200 cocoons each and the strips randomized. Sixteen strips were then placed in each of four (1981), five (1982), and one (1983), selected, typical overwintering locations in the city (Miller and Hart, 1987; Hart et al. 1986). From each location, subsamples of 150--200 cocoons, 10--15 from each of the 16 strips, were removed at approximately 14-day intervals and returned to the laboratory for examination for as long as laboratory emergence indicated that MWW or associated parasites survived winter conditions. Laboratory studies included observations of parasitism level on prepupal and pupal MWW, parasite development, and condition of host material. The insects sampled from the microhabitats were examined for mortality by gently nudging each pupal cocoon. Those that showed movement were considered to be alive and unparasitized. After the laboratory examination, each corrugated cardboard section for a given subsample was placed in a 3.7-ml plastic creamer cup and sealed with a lid that contained 8-10 small holes to allow for ventilation and to reduce fungal growth by regulating humidity in the cup. The date, sample number, and location were recorded. The cups from each sampling period were placed in an environmental chamber set to a temperature regime of 200 e (day) and 16°e (night) that corresponded with a 16:8 (L:D) photoperiod. Humidity was maintained at approximately 55%. These conditions simu­lated June field conditions when both MWW and parasites emerge. The cups were examined every I or 2 days for parasite and MWW emergence. After emergence, the parasites were removed from the cups and placed in 70% alcohol for subsequent counting and identification. At the end of each winter, the total number of MWW examined and the total number of parasites of each species were tabulated. Mean percent parasitism was calculated from these data. 2The Great Lakes Entomologist, Vol. 20, No. 3 [1987], Art. 7https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol20/iss3/71987 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST 145 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Only two parasite species were reared from overwintering MWW in the Ames, Iowa, area (Table 2). These were identified as Parania geniculata (Holmgren) (Hymenoptera: lchneumonidae) and Elasmus albizziae Burks (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) by the authors. P. geniculata is widely distributed throughout North America, and host records indicate that it is most often a parasite of small Lepidoptera, particularly Tortricidae, on trees and shrubs (Krombein et al. 1979). Eggs are deposited in late instar caterpillars and the larvae develop as internal parasites within the host pupae. We observed that only one adult parasite emerged from each parasitized MWW pupal case. The head region of the pupal case had been removed upon emergence and resembled a cap while the remainder of the pupal case was left intact. In the laboratory, adult P. geniculata tended to emerge about 4 days after adult E. albizziae and about 22 days before adult MWW emergence. Parasitism of the MWW by E. albizziae was first reported by Burks (1965). The appearance ofthis species in Camden County, New Jersey, near an i ternational harbor, along with the resemblance of E. albizziae to certain Oriental species of Elasmus, led Burks to conclude that it had been introduced recently from Asia. Field and laboratory observations indicate that E. albizziae parasitized MWW prepupae after they had situated themselves in a suitable overwintering site and before pupation was completed. Development of parasitized MWW stopped in the prepupal condition within the pupal cocoon. About 21 days after MWW cocoon formation, E. albizziae pupae were observed in the pupal cocoons with the prepupal body fluids already consumed. Emergence was about 4 days before that of P. geniculata, and about 18 days before that of adult MWW emergence. A mean of approximately 10 E. albizzae pupae occurred for each parasitized MWW (Miller 1984). Only the larval MWW head capsule was found within the pupal cocoon after parasite emergence. The infestation in any group of host pupae appeared scattered, with many adjacent cocoons being unparasitized. E. albizziae is considered to be parthenogenetic, and males are quite rare. Burks (1971) observed the fIrst known male in 1967 and stated that he had seen "thousands of females but only 9 males." Only a single male was found in the overwintering material collected during this study. Both P. geniculata and E. albizziae seem to be susceptible to the same extreme low winter temperatures s the MWW. During the winter of 1981-1982, mortality of MWW pupae in the fIeld approached 100% by mid-January 1982 (Miller and Hart, 1987). Parasite mortality for both species also approached 100% by that time. Extreme low temperatures also occurred during the winter of 1983-1984, with fIeld mortality of MWW Tahle 2. Percent Parasitism of Overwintering Mimosa Webworrn pupae for the winters of 1981-82, 1982-83, and 1983-84. Parania Elasmus Total MWW geniculata albizziae Percent Year Sampled recovered recovered Parasitism" 1981-82 3,992 25 609 2.1 1982-83 10,393 188 2,141 3.9 1983-84 743 6 157 2.9 Total 15,128 219 2,907 apercent Parasitism = {[No. P. geniculata + (No. E. albizziae/IO)]/Total number of pupae sampled} x 100. 3Miller et al.: Parasites Recovered From Overwintering Mimosa Webworm, <i>HomadauPublished by ValpoScholar, 1987146 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 20, No.3 pupae and both parasite species approaching 100% by late December 1983. These low temperaures approached or exceeded the supercooling point (temperature at which lethal ice formation occurs) of the MWW pupae during both winters (Miller and Hart, 1987). During mild winters (I.e. 1982-1983), both parasite species survived throughout the entire winter regardless of their overwintering site location. Mimosa webworm pupal morality never exceeded 40% during the entire winter (Miller and Hart, 1987). Data were not collected on parasite mortality, however, and it is not known what, if ny, effect these mild temperatures had on parasite survivorship rates. The only significant difference (t 2.61: P < 0.05) in mean percent parasitism among the three winters occurred between 1981 (2.1%) and 1982 (3.9%) but the reason for, or implications of, this significance are not clear. The efficacy of parasitism in reducing damage by lepidopterous pests depends in part on the larval instar that i  parasitized. If we consider that both of these species parasitize late instar larvae or prepupae, from an economic or practical control standpoint, this is oflimited immediate benefit because the feeding damage had already occurred. Parasite data were not collected on first generation MWW parasite populations following any of the winters. Recent studies in the same Ames, Iowa, area have indicated that parasitism by E. albizziae can reach high levels (50--60%) in first generation MWW larvae (R. Bastian, Iowa State Univ., pers. comm.). Further studies are needed to determine the factors responsible for this difference in parasitism levels between the two generations, and for the effects that this may have on defoliation levels. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors wish to thank Drs. D. Mahr, P. Nixon, and G. Godfrey for their critical review of the manuscript. Appreciation is also expressed to the Iowa State University forest entomology staff for their assistance in gathering the field data. Special thanks are due to Drs. John Peacock and James Appleby for providing parasite collection and identification data, nd for critical review of the manuscript. LITERATURE CITED Burks, B. D. 1965. The North American species of Elasmus Westwood (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Proc. BioI. Soc. Washington 78:201-208. ___. 1971. A North American Elasmus parasitic on Polisles (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). J. Washington Acad. Sci. 61:194-196. Hart, E. R., F. D. Miller, Jr., and R. A. Bastian. 1986. Tree location and winter temperature influence on mimosa webworm populations in a northern uroan environment. J. Arboric. 12:237-240. Krombein, K. Y., P. D. Hurd, Jr., D. R. Smith, and B. D. Burks. 1979. Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico. Smithsonian Inst. Press. Washington, D.C. Miller, F. D., Jr. 1984. The effect o  winter temperature on the survivorship of the mimosa webworm, Ho adaula anisocentra Meyrick, in the urban landscape. Ph.D. dissen. Iowa State Univ., Ames. Miller, F. D., J ., and E. R, Hart. 1987. OveIWintering survivorship of pupae of the mimosa webworm, Homadaula anisocentra Meyrick, (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) in the uroan landscape. Ecol. Entomol. 12:41-50 4The Great Lakes Entomologist, Vol. 20, No. 3 [1987], Art. 7https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol20/iss3/7

Parasites Recovered From Overwintering Mimosa Webworm, \u3ci\u3eHomadaula Anisocentra\u3c/i\u3e (Lepidoptera:  Plutellidae)

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Parasites Recovered From Overwintering Mimosa Webworm, \u3ci\u3eHomadaula Anisocentra\u3c/i\u3e (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)

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