(excerpt)
Syrphid flies of many species visit blossoms to obtain nectar and pollen (see Waldbauer 1983 for referencesl. Many of these syrphids, in common with other insects (Parker 1978), also find mates at the blossoms. Males of these syrphid species make aerial patrols of inflorescences frequented by females, alternating these patrols with sitting on foliage. l11ey pounce on or chase insects of various species and swiftly initiate copulation with can specific females (Collet and Land 1975; Maier 1978; Maier and Waldbauer 1 979a,b)

Ghent, Arthur W

Waldbauer, G. P

English

ValpoScholar

The Great Lakes Entomologist 
Volume 17 
Number 1 - Spring 1984 Number 1 - Spring 1984 Article 4 
April 1984 
Flowers Associations and Mating Behavior or its Absence at 
Blossoms by Spilomyia Spp. (Diptera, Syrphidae) 
G. P. Waldbauer 
University of Illinois 
Arthur W. Ghent 
University of Illinois 
Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle 
 Part of the Entomology Commons 
Recommended Citation 
Waldbauer, G. P. and Ghent, Arthur W. 1984. "Flowers Associations and Mating Behavior or its Absence at 
Blossoms by Spilomyia Spp. (Diptera, Syrphidae)," The Great Lakes Entomologist, vol 17 (1) 
Available at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol17/iss1/4 
This Peer-Review Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Biology at ValpoScholar. 
It has been accepted for inclusion in The Great Lakes Entomologist by an authorized administrator of ValpoScholar. 
For more information, please contact a ValpoScholar staff member at scholar@valpo.edu. 
13 198~ THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST 
FLOWER ASSOCIATIONS AND MATING BEHAVIOR OR ITS ABSENCE 
AT 
BLOSSOMS 
BY SPILOMYIA SPP. (DIPTERA, SYRPHIDAE) 
G. P. Waldbauer l and Arthur W. Ghentl 
Syrphid flies of many species visit blossoms t  obtain nectar and pollen (see Waldbauer 
1983 
for referencesl. Many 
of these syrphids, in common with other insects (Parker 1978), 
also find mates at the blossoms. Males of these syrphid species make aerial patrols of 
inflorescences frequented by females, alternating these patrols with sitting on foliage. 
l11ey 
pounce 
on or chase insects of various species and swiftly initiate copulation with 
can specific females (Collet and Land 1975; Maier 1978; Maier and Waldbauer 1 979a,b). 
We 
here present evidence that 
Spilomyia quadrifasciata (Say) also mate at the plants 
that they visit for nectar and pollen, while S. fusca Loew do not. We also indicate the 
seasonal occurrence of these species and list the host plants that they visit. 
METHODS 
Samples were taken from flowers at the edge of the woods along the Reed Road transect 
(\\'aldbaucr 19831 between the towns of Pellston and Carp Lake in Emmet County, 
nonhern Lower ~Iichigan. Almost all of the Spilomyia were caught along a railroad track 
where it crosses a mesic woodland of second growth conifers and hardwoods just south of 
Carp Lake. Samples were taken with a hand net on every clear or partly clear day from 2 
June to 18 AUgust. and on 25 August and 4 September in 1982. They were also taken in 
1983 from 20 July to 9 August. Sampling usually began in the morning just before 
syrphids appeared at flowers and continued until their numbers diminished from early to 
mid-afternoon. Each plant species in blossom was checked several times to see if it 
attracted the syrphids in question; plants that did were sampled regularly as long as they 
were in blossom. Every Spilomyia seen was pursued; about 80% were caught. Specimens 
were segregated according to whether they were feeding when caught (on an inflores­
cence) or not when caught (on the foliage of the host plant or flying nearby). 
:\1ating pairs were kept together and mounted on the same pin. The first author identified 
the syrphids: voucher specimens are in his collection. Voucher specimens of the plants are 
in the Herbarium. Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois. 
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 
The 1982 seasonal distributions of adults of thetwo species of Spilomyia are shown in 
1. 
The last date on which S. 
quadrifasciata appeared is not known because this 
species wa  still present when the last sample was taken on 4 September. It could not, 
however. have been present for much longer because 1 September is the average date for 
the first freezing temperature in the Pellston area (Strommen 1974). In 1983 S. quad­
rifi1sciata and S. fusca first appeared on almost the same dates, 1 August and 20 July, 
respectively. 
In 
1982 and 1983 
S.fusca was caught on or flying about blossoming plants of Pastinaca 
sarim L. (86 specimens), Solidago spp. (9), Clematis virginiana L. (4), Eupatorium 
maculatum (L.) (1), Sambucus canadensis L. (1), Spiraea alba DuRoi (1), and Verbascum 
thaPSIIS L. (1). In the same years S. quadrifasciata was taken on or about Solidago spp. 
'Department of Entomology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801. 
1
Waldbauer and Ghent: Flowers Associations and Mating Behavior or its Absence at Blosso
Published by ValpoScholar, 1984
14 
0 
THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 17, No.1 
Spilomyia quadrifasciata 
• = efefn=31 
~ =~~ 
5. 
'" 
'" 
u. 
..... 
'"[ 
I• LI .l I I 
.... Spi/omyia fusca 
'" 
10 
n=90.a E 
:::l 
Z 
5 
20 25 30 4 9 14 19 24 29 3 
July August September 
Fig. 1. The seasonal occurrence at blossoms of the adults of two species of Spilomyia in Emmet 
County, Michigan, in 1982. 
(= S. rugosa Mill., S. canadensis L., and S. gigantea Ait.) (132) or P. sativa (10). It is 
noteworthy that the native S. Jusca was so frequently associated with the non-native P. 
sativa. S. quadrifasciata (also native) was much less often associated with P. sativa, 
probably because S. quadrifasciata occurs later in the season than does S. Jusca 1), 
and thus does not coincide with P. sativa's peak blossoming period. 
We 
employed a three-dimensioned contingency analysis 
(Table 1) to assess the 
significance of the three two-way interactions, and a possible three-way interaction, 
among species, gender, and activity (feeding vs. not feeding at time of capture). All three 
two-way interactions (gender vs. species, activity vs. species, and activity vs. gender, 
bottom of Table 1) proved high y significant in the 13-week 1982 data set, but only the 
gender vs. species interaction could be detected in the three-week 1983 data set (analysis 
not shown). A satisfactory description (P 0.263) of the 1982 data set is obtained if all 
three two-way interactions are included (eighth model, Table 1), indicating that there is no 
need to postulate the existence of a three-way interaction. The first of the conditional 
models (fifth model, Table 1) incorporating only the two strongest two-way interactions is 
conventionally acceptable at the 0.05 significance level, but it comes vcry close (P 
0.06) to being rejected; it also excludes a two-way interaction known t  be highly 
significant, and clearly provides a less adequate description of these data. 
The qualities of these three significant two-way interactions can be appreciated from 
their associated percentages (Table 2). It is apparent that S. quadriJasciata and S. Jusca 
differed from each other in sex ratio, females predominating in S. Jusca and males 
predominating in S. quadr~fasciata. It is also apparent that S. Jusca of either sex were the 
more likely to b  caught while feeding, and that males of S. Jusca were more likely to be 
caught in the act of feeding than were males of S. quadriJasciata. 
These differences must reflect species differences in the activity patterns of the sexes 
(Maier and Waldbauer 1979a, b). More specifically, these differences suggest that S. 
quadrifasciata mates at the host plants and that S. Jusca mates elsewhere. Female S. 
quadrifasciata apparently feed and then immediately move off, either in copulo or directly 
to 
the oviposition sites. The males apparently spend most of 
the day at the host plants 
looking for females to inseminate. On the other hand, it is the S. Jusca males that eat and 
run, presumably rushing off to some other site where mating occurs. The strongly female­
skewed sex ratio of S. Jusca at the host plants strongly suggests that males do not tarry 
there to find females. It also suggests that females spend more time feeding than do males, 
presumably because the females make the greater parental investment of energy and 
biomass. 
2
The Great Lakes Entomologist, Vol. 17, No. 1 [1984], Art. 4
https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol17/iss1/4
1984 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST 15 
Table I. Three-dimensioned contingency analysis of 1982 species-sex-activity data. Desig­
nators: S = species, G = gender, F (vs. F') = feeding (vs. not feeding) at time of capture. 
Probabilities for log-likelihood G2 values approximated by chi square; df = degrees of 
freedom. 
S. quadrifasciata S. fusca 
Activity Activity 
F F' F F' 
o 13 12 0 28 4 
SEX SEX 
2 2 58 0 
Descriptive ~odel G2 df Probability 
Complete independence [F] [G] [S] 47.47 4 <.0005 
Conjoint independence [F] [GS] 34.18 3 <.0005 
Conjoint independence [G] [FS] 26.97 3 <.0005 
Conjoint independence [S] [FG] 26.16 3 <.0005 
Conditional independence [GF] [SF] 5.65 2 .06 
Conditional independence [FG] [SG] 12.86 2 .002 
Conditional independence [FS] [GS] 13.68 2 .001 
Three 2-way interactions [GS] [FS] [FG] 1.26 1 .263 
G2 
tests 
of 2-way interactions 
GS: -1-7.-1-7 - 34.18 = 13.29 with 4 - 3 = Idf,p = <.0005 
FS: ·.p.-1-7 - 26.97 = 20.50 with 4 - 3 = 1 df, P = < .0005 
FG: -1-7.-1-7 - 26.16 = 21.31 with 4 - 3 = I df, P = <.0005 
Table 2. Distribution by feeding activity and sex of the adults of two species of Spilomyia 
caught on or near their food plants in Emmet County, Michigan, in 1982. Individuals sitting 
on flowers ""'ere assumed to be feeding. The "not feeding" category includes individuals 
that were flying about the plants or sitting on their foliage. Percentages for activities within 
sexes add to 100 horizontally; percentages for sexes within species add to 100 vertically. 
Species Feeding Not feeding Total 
No. % No. % No. % 
S. quadrifasciata 
0 13 52.0 12 48.0 25 71.4 
2 9 90.0 I 10.0 10 28.6 
S·fusca 
0 28 87.5 4 12.5 32 35.6 
2 58 100.0 0 0.0 58 64.4 
Our view of the mating behavior of the two species is supported by other observations. 
First. on a few occasions males of S. quadrifasciata were seen to patrol blossoming plants 
as if they were in search of females. This behavior was not seen in S. fusca. Futhermore, 
three mating pairs of S. quadrifasciata were found on Solidago inflorescences, while 
maring pairs of S. fusca were not seen. It is possible that either or both species mate at the 
oviposition sites or at stations and (or) leks that are not associated with resources. It should 
be noted that mating pairs of S. quadrifasciata are relatively secretive as compared to 
mating pairs of Temnostoma spp. that continue to feed while the females fly from 
inflorescence to inflorescence dragging the males behind them (Waldbauer, in press). 
3
Waldbauer and Ghent: Flowers Associations and Mating Behavior or its Absence at Blosso
Published by ValpoScholar, 1984
16 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 17, No.1 
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 
We 
thank the staff of the University of Michigan Biological Station for the use of their 
facilities during the summers of 1982 and 1983. 
We also thank Drs. Almut Jones and 
Edward G. Voss for identifying the plants. This material s based in part upon work 
supported by The National Science Foundation under Grant No. BSR 8202772 to G. P. 
Waldbauer. 
LITERATURE CITED 
Collet, T. S. and M. F. Land. 1975. Visual control f flight behaviour in the hoverfly 
Syritta pipiens L. 1. Compo PhysioL 99(A): 1-66. 
Maier, C. T. 1978. The immature stages and biology f Mallota posticata (Fabricius) 
(Diptera: Syrphidae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Washington. 80:424-440. 
Maier, C. T. and G. P. Waldbauer. 1979a. Diurnal activity patterns of flower flies (Diptera: 
Syrphidae) in an Illinois sand area. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 72:237-245. 
1979b. Dual mate-seeking strategies in male syrphid flies (Diptera: Syrphidae). 
Entomol. Soc. Amer. 72:54-61. 
Parker, G. A. 1978. Evolution of competitive mate searching. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 
23: 
173-196. 
Strommen, 
N. D. (ed.) 1974. Climate of Michigan by stations. 2nd ed. Michigan Dept. 
Agric. and Michigan Weather Servo East Lansing. Unpaginated. 
Waldbauer, G. P. 1983  Flower associations of mimetic Syrphidae (Diptera) in northern 
Michigan. Great Lakes EntomoL 16:79-85. 
(in press), Mating behavior at blossoms and the flower associations f mimetic 
len7nOiswma spp. (Diptera: Syrphidae) in northern Michigan. Proc. Entomol. Soc. 
Washington. 
4
The Great Lakes Entomologist, Vol. 17, No. 1 [1984], Art. 4
https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol17/iss1/4


Flowers Associations and Mating Behavior or its Absence at Blossoms by \u3ci\u3eSpilomyia\u3c/i\u3e Spp. (Diptera, Syrphidae)

Valparaiso University

The Great Lakes Entomologist Volume 17 Number 1 - Spring 1984 Number 1 - Spring 1984 Article 4 April 1984 Flowers Associations and Mating Behavior or its Absence at Blossoms by Spilomyia Spp. (Diptera, Syrphidae) G. P. Waldbauer University of Illinois Arthur W. Ghent University of Illinois Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle  Part of the Entomology Commons Recommended Citation Waldbauer, G. P. and Ghent, Arthur W. 1984. "Flowers Associations and Mating Behavior or its Absence at Blossoms by Spilomyia Spp. (Diptera, Syrphidae)," The Great Lakes Entomologist, vol 17 (1) Available at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol17/iss1/4 This Peer-Review Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Biology at ValpoScholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in The Great Lakes Entomologist by an authorized administrator of ValpoScholar. For more information, please contact a ValpoScholar staff member at scholar@valpo.edu. 13 198~ THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST FLOWER ASSOCIATIONS AND MATING BEHAVIOR OR ITS ABSENCE AT BLOSSOMS BY SPILOMYIA SPP. (DIPTERA, SYRPHIDAE) G. P. Waldbauer l and Arthur W. Ghentl Syrphid flies of many species visit blossoms t  obtain nectar and pollen (see Waldbauer 1983 for referencesl. Many of these syrphids, in common with other insects (Parker 1978), also find mates at the blossoms. Males of these syrphid species make aerial patrols of inflorescences frequented by females, alternating these patrols with sitting on foliage. l11ey pounce on or chase insects of various species and swiftly initiate copulation with can specific females (Collet and Land 1975; Maier 1978; Maier and Waldbauer 1 979a,b). We here present evidence that Spilomyia quadrifasciata (Say) also mate at the plants that they visit for nectar and pollen, while S. fusca Loew do not. We also indicate the seasonal occurrence of these species and list the host plants that they visit. METHODS Samples were taken from flowers at the edge of the woods along the Reed Road transect (\\'aldbaucr 19831 between the towns of Pellston and Carp Lake in Emmet County, nonhern Lower ~Iichigan. Almost all of the Spilomyia were caught along a railroad track where it crosses a mesic woodland of second growth conifers and hardwoods just south of Carp Lake. Samples were taken with a hand net on every clear or partly clear day from 2 June to 18 AUgust. and on 25 August and 4 September in 1982. They were also taken in 1983 from 20 July to 9 August. Sampling usually began in the morning just before syrphids appeared at flowers and continued until their numbers diminished from early to mid-afternoon. Each plant species in blossom was checked several times to see if it attracted the syrphids in question; plants that did were sampled regularly as long as they were in blossom. Every Spilomyia seen was pursued; about 80% were caught. Specimens were segregated according to whether they were feeding when caught (on an inflores­cence) or not when caught (on the foliage of the host plant or flying nearby). :\1ating pairs were kept together and mounted on the same pin. The first author identified the syrphids: voucher specimens are in his collection. Voucher specimens of the plants are in the Herbarium. Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The 1982 seasonal distributions of adults of thetwo species of Spilomyia are shown in 1. The last date on which S. quadrifasciata appeared is not known because this species wa  still present when the last sample was taken on 4 September. It could not, however. have been present for much longer because 1 September is the average date for the first freezing temperature in the Pellston area (Strommen 1974). In 1983 S. quad­rifi1sciata and S. fusca first appeared on almost the same dates, 1 August and 20 July, respectively. In 1982 and 1983 S.fusca was caught on or flying about blossoming plants of Pastinaca sarim L. (86 specimens), Solidago spp. (9), Clematis virginiana L. (4), Eupatorium maculatum (L.) (1), Sambucus canadensis L. (1), Spiraea alba DuRoi (1), and Verbascum thaPSIIS L. (1). In the same years S. quadrifasciata was taken on or about Solidago spp. 'Department of Entomology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801. 1Waldbauer and Ghent: Flowers Associations and Mating Behavior or its Absence at BlossoPublished by ValpoScholar, 198414 0 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 17, No.1 Spilomyia quadrifasciata • = efefn=31 ~ =~~ 5. '" '" u. ..... '"[ I• LI .l I I .... Spi/omyia fusca '" 10 n=90.a E :::l Z 5 20 25 30 4 9 14 19 24 29 3 July August September Fig. 1. The seasonal occurrence at blossoms of the adults of two species of Spilomyia in Emmet County, Michigan, in 1982. (= S. rugosa Mill., S. canadensis L., and S. gigantea Ait.) (132) or P. sativa (10). It is noteworthy that the native S. Jusca was so frequently associated with the non-native P. sativa. S. quadrifasciata (also native) was much less often associated with P. sativa, probably because S. quadrifasciata occurs later in the season than does S. Jusca 1), and thus does not coincide with P. sativa's peak blossoming period. We employed a three-dimensioned contingency analysis (Table 1) to assess the significance of the three two-way interactions, and a possible three-way interaction, among species, gender, and activity (feeding vs. not feeding at time of capture). All three two-way interactions (gender vs. species, activity vs. species, and activity vs. gender, bottom of Table 1) proved high y significant in the 13-week 1982 data set, but only the gender vs. species interaction could be detected in the three-week 1983 data set (analysis not shown). A satisfactory description (P 0.263) of the 1982 data set is obtained if all three two-way interactions are included (eighth model, Table 1), indicating that there is no need to postulate the existence of a three-way interaction. The first of the conditional models (fifth model, Table 1) incorporating only the two strongest two-way interactions is conventionally acceptable at the 0.05 significance level, but it comes vcry close (P 0.06) to being rejected; it also excludes a two-way interaction known t  be highly significant, and clearly provides a less adequate description of these data. The qualities of these three significant two-way interactions can be appreciated from their associated percentages (Table 2). It is apparent that S. quadriJasciata and S. Jusca differed from each other in sex ratio, females predominating in S. Jusca and males predominating in S. quadr~fasciata. It is also apparent that S. Jusca of either sex were the more likely to b  caught while feeding, and that males of S. Jusca were more likely to be caught in the act of feeding than were males of S. quadriJasciata. These differences must reflect species differences in the activity patterns of the sexes (Maier and Waldbauer 1979a, b). More specifically, these differences suggest that S. quadrifasciata mates at the host plants and that S. Jusca mates elsewhere. Female S. quadrifasciata apparently feed and then immediately move off, either in copulo or directly to the oviposition sites. The males apparently spend most of the day at the host plants looking for females to inseminate. On the other hand, it is the S. Jusca males that eat and run, presumably rushing off to some other site where mating occurs. The strongly female­skewed sex ratio of S. Jusca at the host plants strongly suggests that males do not tarry there to find females. It also suggests that females spend more time feeding than do males, presumably because the females make the greater parental investment of energy and biomass. 2The Great Lakes Entomologist, Vol. 17, No. 1 [1984], Art. 4https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol17/iss1/41984 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST 15 Table I. Three-dimensioned contingency analysis of 1982 species-sex-activity data. Desig­nators: S = species, G = gender, F (vs. F') = feeding (vs. not feeding) at time of capture. Probabilities for log-likelihood G2 values approximated by chi square; df = degrees of freedom. S. quadrifasciata S. fusca Activity Activity F F' F F' o 13 12 0 28 4 SEX SEX 2 2 58 0 Descriptive ~odel G2 df Probability Complete independence [F] [G] [S] 47.47 4 <.0005 Conjoint independence [F] [GS] 34.18 3 <.0005 Conjoint independence [G] [FS] 26.97 3 <.0005 Conjoint independence [S] [FG] 26.16 3 <.0005 Conditional independence [GF] [SF] 5.65 2 .06 Conditional independence [FG] [SG] 12.86 2 .002 Conditional independence [FS] [GS] 13.68 2 .001 Three 2-way interactions [GS] [FS] [FG] 1.26 1 .263 G2 tests of 2-way interactions GS: -1-7.-1-7 - 34.18 = 13.29 with 4 - 3 = Idf,p = <.0005 FS: ·.p.-1-7 - 26.97 = 20.50 with 4 - 3 = 1 df, P = < .0005 FG: -1-7.-1-7 - 26.16 = 21.31 with 4 - 3 = I df, P = <.0005 Table 2. Distribution by feeding activity and sex of the adults of two species of Spilomyia caught on or near their food plants in Emmet County, Michigan, in 1982. Individuals sitting on flowers ""'ere assumed to be feeding. The "not feeding" category includes individuals that were flying about the plants or sitting on their foliage. Percentages for activities within sexes add to 100 horizontally; percentages for sexes within species add to 100 vertically. Species Feeding Not feeding Total No. % No. % No. % S. quadrifasciata 0 13 52.0 12 48.0 25 71.4 2 9 90.0 I 10.0 10 28.6 S·fusca 0 28 87.5 4 12.5 32 35.6 2 58 100.0 0 0.0 58 64.4 Our view of the mating behavior of the two species is supported by other observations. First. on a few occasions males of S. quadrifasciata were seen to patrol blossoming plants as if they were in search of females. This behavior was not seen in S. fusca. Futhermore, three mating pairs of S. quadrifasciata were found on Solidago inflorescences, while maring pairs of S. fusca were not seen. It is possible that either or both species mate at the oviposition sites or at stations and (or) leks that are not associated with resources. It should be noted that mating pairs of S. quadrifasciata are relatively secretive as compared to mating pairs of Temnostoma spp. that continue to feed while the females fly from inflorescence to inflorescence dragging the males behind them (Waldbauer, in press). 3Waldbauer and Ghent: Flowers Associations and Mating Behavior or its Absence at BlossoPublished by ValpoScholar, 198416 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 17, No.1 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank the staff of the University of Michigan Biological Station for the use of their facilities during the summers of 1982 and 1983. We also thank Drs. Almut Jones and Edward G. Voss for identifying the plants. This material s based in part upon work supported by The National Science Foundation under Grant No. BSR 8202772 to G. P. Waldbauer. LITERATURE CITED Collet, T. S. and M. F. Land. 1975. Visual control f flight behaviour in the hoverfly Syritta pipiens L. 1. Compo PhysioL 99(A): 1-66. Maier, C. T. 1978. The immature stages and biology f Mallota posticata (Fabricius) (Diptera: Syrphidae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Washington. 80:424-440. Maier, C. T. and G. P. Waldbauer. 1979a. Diurnal activity patterns of flower flies (Diptera: Syrphidae) in an Illinois sand area. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 72:237-245. 1979b. Dual mate-seeking strategies in male syrphid flies (Diptera: Syrphidae). Entomol. Soc. Amer. 72:54-61. Parker, G. A. 1978. Evolution of competitive mate searching. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 23: 173-196. Strommen, N. D. (ed.) 1974. Climate of Michigan by stations. 2nd ed. Michigan Dept. Agric. and Michigan Weather Servo East Lansing. Unpaginated. Waldbauer, G. P. 1983  Flower associations of mimetic Syrphidae (Diptera) in northern Michigan. Great Lakes EntomoL 16:79-85. (in press), Mating behavior at blossoms and the flower associations f mimetic len7nOiswma spp. (Diptera: Syrphidae) in northern Michigan. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Washington. 4The Great Lakes Entomologist, Vol. 17, No. 1 [1984], Art. 4https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol17/iss1/4

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Flowers Associations and Mating Behavior or its Absence at Blossoms by \u3ci\u3eSpilomyia\u3c/i\u3e Spp. (Diptera, Syrphidae)

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