Information on the seasonal and vertical distributions of 34 species (eight families) of planthoppers was obtained from window trap collections in a North Carolina black walnut plantation in 15 and 1978. The most commonly collected species were Acanalonia conica (Acanaloniidael. Liburniella ornata (Delphacidae), Oliarus ecologus (Cixiidae), and O. quinquelineatus

Weber, B. C

Wilson, S. W

English

Valparaiso University

The Great Lakes Entomologist Volume 14 Number 2 - Summer 1981 Number 2 - Summer 1981 Article 1 June 1981 Seasonal and Vertical Distributions of Planthoppers (Homoptera: Fulgoroidea) Within a Black Walnut Plantation B. C. Weber Southern Illinois University S. W. Wilson California State University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle  Part of the Entomology Commons Recommended Citation Weber, B. C. and Wilson, S. W. 1981. "Seasonal and Vertical Distributions of Planthoppers (Homoptera: Fulgoroidea) Within a Black Walnut Plantation," The Great Lakes Entomologist, vol 14 (2) Available at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol14/iss2/1 This Peer-Review Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Biology at ValpoScholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in The Great Lakes Entomologist by an authorized administrator of ValpoScholar. For more information, please contact a ValpoScholar staff member at scholar@valpo.edu. THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST SEASONAL AND VERTICAL DISTRIBUTIONS OF PIANTHOPPERS (HOMOPTERA: FLILGOROIDEA) WITHIN A BLACK WALNUT PLANTATION B. C. weberl  and S. W. wilson3 ABSTRACT Information on the seasonal and vertical distributions of 34 species (eight families) of planthoppers was obtained from window trap collections in a North Carolina black walnut plantation in 1 5  and 1978. The most commonly collected species were Acanalonia conica (Acanaloniidael. Liburniella ornata (Delphacidae), Oliarus ecologus (Cixiidae), and 0. qlrinquelinearus. Black a-alnur. Ju_olans nigra L., is grown in intensively managed plantations for veneer and high qualie- lumber. Many of its potential insect pests have only recently been deter- mined rKeartr?- 19-5. Xixon and McPherson 1977). As a result, biological information is available for only a few species (Blair and Kearby 1979). Nixon and McPherson (1977) collected 15 species of planthoppers on walnut, nine of w-hich were recorded feeding as adults. Eggs and nymphs have also been associated with walnut iliixon and McPherson 1977, Wilson and McPherson 1979). The life histories of a few- species w b k k  a-alnut have been investigated (Wilson and McPherson 1979). For most. hoa~erer.  little biological information is available. The ohjecti\~es of this paper are to provide a list of the planthopper fauna found in a black walnut p l a n e n  and. for four species, to provide information on seasonal and height distribution. MATERIALS AND METHODS The stud! area aas a 4.9 ha black walnut plantation established in 1973 about 64 km east of Ashe\-ilk in McDoa-ell County, North Carolina. Tree heights averaged 2.42 m and 2.84 m in 19-- and 19-8. respectively. Unden~ory  \-tatiw included Silene antirrhina (L.) (Caryophyllaceae), Oenothera laciniara HLU t-). and Solidago canadensis L. (Compositae). The plantation was disked at kas t  once a >-ear to control herbaceous vegetation. Insecs  u-ere coUec-red by 28 window traps, modified from Chapman and Kinghorn (1955), within a 1.0 ha szctioa of the plantation. The trap heights ranged from 1 to 7 m at 1 m i~ertisal intends. a i th  four traps randomly located at each height. Collections were made uebrly h 1 -lpril to I4 October and 31 March to 13 October in 1977 and 1978, respecti\-el?-. RESCLTS AND DISCUSSION Thin?-four s p c k  of planthoppers in eight families were collected (Table l), compared with 1'1 s p h z  forthe & s m e  (Brimley 1938, 1942; Wray 1950). Eight of the 34 species I ~ o r r h  Ceund Fc- Eqmnmmt Starion. Forestry Sciences Laboratory, Southern IUinois University, C*&. u ml - I k p a m n :  d &Jiw Sxm. Califorma State University, Chico, CA 95929. 1Weber and Wilson: Seasonal and Vertical Distributions of Planthoppers (Homoptera: FPublished by ValpoScholar, 198172 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 14, No. 2 Table 1. Seasonal and vertical distribution of Fulgoroidea collected in window traps at the black walnut plantation, McDowell Co., North Carolina. - -  - - -- - -- Collection Number of Trap heights dates specimens (m) (daylmonth) ACANALONIIDAE Acanaloniu bivittata (Say)a A. conica (Say)a ACHILIDAE Catonia bicinctura Van Duzee C. nava (Say) C. picta Van Duzee C. pumila Van Duzee Epiptera pallida (Say) Synecdoche impunctata (Fitch) CIXIIDAE Cixius sp. Myndus pictifrons ( ~ t a )  Oecleus borealis Van Duzee Oliarus aridus Ball 0. ecologus Caldwell 0. quinquelineatus (Say) DELPHACIDAE Delphacodes campestris (Van Duzee) D. lutulenta (Van Duzee) D. puella (Van Duzee) D. recurvata Beamer D. rotundata (Crawford) Liburniella ornata (~ tg l ) a  Megamelus ungulatus Beamer Pissonotus brunneus Van Duzee Stobaera tricarinata (Say) DERBIDAE Cedusa sp. Syntames uhleri (Ball)a DICTY OPHARIDAE Scolops angustatus Uhler S.  pungens (Germar) S.  sulcipes (Say) FLATIDAE Anormenis septentrionalis (Spinola)a Metcalfa pruinosa (Say)a Ormenoides venusta (Melichar)a ISSIDAE Bruchotnorpha oculata Newman B. tristis st21 Tlzionia simplex (Germar)a "Reported feeding on black walnut in Illinois (Nixon and McPherson 1977). b ~ a l e  specimens only. 2The Great Lakes Entomologist, Vol. 14, No. 2 [1981], Art. 1https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol14/iss2/11981 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST 73 were recorded feeding on walnut by Nixon and McPherson (1977). Most of the species listed (Table 1) are often collected in meadow habitats and are probably not directly associated with black walnut (O'Brien. pen.  comm.). The number of specimens collected of each species ranged from one to 38. Twenty-four species (ca. 707~)  were represented by five or fewer specimens. This may reflect restricted habitat requirements. few available host plants, incidental occurrence, or the general rarity of a species. On the other hand, window traps may not be an efficient collecting method for some species of planthoppers. We cannot determine patterns for height and seasonal distri- butions for most species owing to the small number of specimens, but for four species, represented by 25 or more specimens, we examined height and seasonal distributions in further detail. Acanalonia conica (Say) adults were collected from mid-July to early October with peak abundance during early September (Fig. 1). This corresponds with the seasonal distribution of adults in southern Illinois (Wilson 1980). The eggs of A. conica hatch in early May; adults appear in early July; and females lay eggs from late summer to early fall. Over 75% of A.  conica adults were collected at 2 m or lower (Fig. 5). This may reflect their feeding preferences for low woody and herbaceous vegetation (Wilson 1980), including immature black walnut (Nixon and McPherson 1977). Oliarus ecologus (CaldweU) adults were collected from early June to late August with peak abundance in late June (Fig. 2). Little information is available on the life history of this species. Based on the observations of other Oliarus species, Mead (1968) speculated that 0 ecologus feeds on roots as nymphs, is univoltine, and overwinters as nymphs underground. The range of collecting dates of adults (Fig. 2) appears to support Mead's suggestion that this species is univoltine. 0. ecologus adults were collected from 1 to 6 m with 65% collected at 1 m (Fig. 6). The only recorded host plant for adults is Lespedeza cuneata Don (Mead 1x8). 0. quinquelineatus (Say) adults were collected from midJune to mid-September with peak abundance in August (Fig. 3). Sheppard et al. (1979) noted that nymphs overwinter underground in masses of pine and saw palmetto roots in Florida. V) ' 8 0  P 2 60 - 040 " ; 20 CE J N A L A L G S P O C T  XIN JUL AUG SEP OCT J N a A L L C i s O C T  JW U AUG SEP OCT F i p .  1 4 .  Qasad cfka-i&ho~~ {percent ikquenc) biweekly) of planthopper adults col- lected in m-indor traps in a Sonh Carolina black walnut plantation during 1977-1978: (1) .-IcanniCUrra conira. 12) O h n u  ecolo_pu. (31 0. quinquelineatus, ( 4 )  Liburniella ornata. 3Weber and Wilson: Seasonal and Vertical Distributions of Planthoppers (Homoptera: FPublished by ValpoScholar, 198174 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 14, No. 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7  Trap Ht. (rn) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7  Trap Ht. (rn) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7  Trap Ht. (rn) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7  Trap Ht. (rn) Figs. 5 4 .  Vertical distribution (percent frequency) of planthopper adults collected in win- dow traps in a North Carolina black walnut plantation during 1977-1978: (5) Acanalonia conica, (6) Oliarus ecologus, (7) 0. quinquelineatus, (8) Liburniella ornata. 0. quinquelineatus adults were collected from 1 to 6 m (Fig. 7). This species has been collected on Pinus rigida (Miller), P.  uirginiana (Miller), and under the bark of Quercus ellipsoidulis Hill (Mead 1968). Liburniella ornata (st:]) adults were collected in June and from September to mid- October with peak abundance in early October (Fig. 4). Glick (1939) also reported that this speices is abundant in late summer. L .  ornata adults were collected at all heights in approximately equal numbers (Fig. 8). We have often collected this species by sweeping grasses and low vegetation. On the other hand, Glick (1939), using airplane traps, collected L.  ornata at altitudes up to 4,400 meters. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank the following: D. Brenneman and the staff of the North Carolina Division of Forestry for their help in collecting specimens and obtaining field data; R. H. Mohlenbrock, Department of Botany, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, for identifying the plants; L. O'Brien, Department of Entomology, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, T. R. Yonke, Department of Entomology, University of Missouri, Columbia, and R. C. Schles- inger, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, Carbondale, for their helpful reviews of the manu- script. LITERATURE CITED Blair, L .  M., and W. H. Kearby. 1979. The black walnut curculio and its impact on nut production. p. 51-54, in Walnut insects and diseases. Workshop Proc. USDA For. Serv., Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-52. Brimley, C. S. 1938. The insects of North Carolina. North CarolinaDept. Agric., Raleigh. 4The Great Lakes Entomologist, Vol. 14, No. 2 [1981], Art. 1https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol14/iss2/11981 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST 75 . 1942. Supplement to insects of North Carolina. North Carolina Dept. Agric.. Raleigh. Chapman, J. A,,  and J. M. Kinghorn. 1955. Window night traps for insects. Canadian Entomol. 87: 137-139. Glick, P. A. 1939. The distribution of insects, spiders. and mites in the air. USDA Tech. Bull. 673: 1-150. Kearby, W. H. 1975. Insects that affect the growth and form of black walnut in a multicrop system. North. Nut Grow. Assoc. Annu. Rep. 66:11%127. Mead, F. W. 1%8. A revision of the genus Oliarus in North America, north of Mexico (Homoptera: Cixiidae). Ph.D. thesis. North Carolina State Univ. Nixon, P. L., and J. E. McPherson. 1977. An annotated list of phytophagous insects col- lected on immature black walnut trees in southern Illinois. Great Lakes Entomol. 10:211- 222. Sheppard, C., P. B. Martin, and F. W. Mead. 1979. A planthopper (Homoptera: Cixiidae) associated with red imported fire ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) mounds. J. Georgia Entomol. Soc. 14: 140-144. Wilson, S. W. 1980. The planthoppers, or Fulgoroidea, of Illlinois with information on the biology of selected species. Ph.D. thesis. Southern Illinois Univ., Carbondale. Wilson, S. W., and J. E. McPherson. 1979. A preliminary report on the bionomics of Fulgoroidea on black walnut with emphasis on Anormenis septentrionalis (Spinola) (Homoptera). p. 25-34, in Walnut insects and diseases. Workshop Proc. USDA For. Serv., Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-52. Wray, D. L .  1950. Insects of North Carolina second supplement. North Carolina Dept. Agric., Raleigh. 5Weber and Wilson: Seasonal and Vertical Distributions of Planthoppers (Homoptera: FPublished by ValpoScholar, 1981

Seasonal and Vertical Distributions of Planthoppers (Homoptera: Fulgoroidea) Within a Black Walnut Plantation

ValpoScholar

The Great Lakes Entomologist 
Volume 14 
Number 2 - Summer 1981 Number 2 - Summer 
1981 
Article 1 
June 1981 
Seasonal and Vertical Distributions of Planthoppers (Homoptera: 
Fulgoroidea) Within a Black Walnut Plantation 
B. C. Weber 
Southern Illinois University 
S. W. Wilson 
California State University 
Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle 
 Part of the Entomology Commons 
Recommended Citation 
Weber, B. C. and Wilson, S. W. 1981. "Seasonal and Vertical Distributions of Planthoppers (Homoptera: 
Fulgoroidea) Within a Black Walnut Plantation," The Great Lakes Entomologist, vol 14 (2) 
Available at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol14/iss2/1 
This Peer-Review Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Biology at ValpoScholar. 
It has been accepted for inclusion in The Great Lakes Entomologist by an authorized administrator of ValpoScholar. 
For more information, please contact a ValpoScholar staff member at scholar@valpo.edu. 
THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST 
SEASONAL AND VERTICAL DISTRIBUTIONS OF 
PIANTHOPPERS (HOMOPTERA: FLILGOROIDEA) 
WITHIN A BLACK WALNUT PLANTATION 
B. C. weberl  and S. W. wilson3 
ABSTRACT 
Information on the seasonal and vertical distributions of 34 species (eight families) of 
planthoppers was obtained from window trap collections in a North Carolina black walnut 
plantation in 1 5  and 1978. The most commonly collected species were Acanalonia conica 
(Acanaloniidael. Liburniella ornata (Delphacidae), Oliarus ecologus (Cixiidae), and 0. 
qlrinquelinearus. 
Black a-alnur. Ju_olans nigra L., is grown in intensively managed plantations for veneer 
and high qualie- lumber. Many of its potential insect pests have only recently been deter- 
mined rKeartr?- 19-5. Xixon and McPherson 1977). As a result, biological information is 
available for only a few species (Blair and Kearby 1979). 
Nixon and McPherson (1977) collected 15 species of planthoppers on walnut, nine of 
w-hich were recorded feeding as adults. Eggs and nymphs have also been associated with 
walnut iliixon and McPherson 1977, Wilson and McPherson 1979). The life histories of a 
few- species w b k k  a-alnut have been investigated (Wilson and McPherson 1979). For 
most. hoa~erer.  little biological information is available. 
The ohjecti\~es of this paper are to provide a list of the planthopper fauna found in a black 
walnut p l a n e n  and. for four species, to provide information on seasonal and height 
distribution. 
MATERIALS AND METHODS 
The stud! area aas a 4.9 ha black walnut plantation established in 1973 about 64 km east 
of Ashe\-ilk in McDoa-ell County, North Carolina. Tree heights averaged 2.42 m and 2.84 m 
in 19-- and 19-8. respectively. 
Unden~ory  \-tatiw included Silene antirrhina (L.) (Caryophyllaceae), Oenothera 
laciniara HLU t-). and Solidago canadensis L. (Compositae). The plantation was 
disked at kas t  once a >-ear to control herbaceous vegetation. 
Insecs  u-ere coUec-red by 28 window traps, modified from Chapman and Kinghorn (1955), 
within a 1.0 ha szctioa of the plantation. The trap heights ranged from 1 to 7 m at 
1 m i~ertisal intends. a i th  four traps randomly located at each height. Collections were 
made uebrly h 1 -lpril to I4 October and 31 March to 13 October in 1977 and 1978, 
respecti\-el?-. 
RESCLTS AND DISCUSSION 
Thin?-four s p c k  of planthoppers in eight families were collected (Table l), compared 
with 1'1 s p h z  forthe & s m e  (Brimley 1938, 1942; Wray 1950). Eight of the 34 species 
I ~ o r r h  Ceund Fc- Eqmnmmt Starion. Forestry Sciences Laboratory, Southern IUinois University, 
C*&. u ml 
- I k p a m n :  d &Jiw Sxm. Califorma State University, Chico, CA 95929. 
1
Weber and Wilson: Seasonal and Vertical Distributions of Planthoppers (Homoptera: F
Published by ValpoScholar, 1981
72 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 14, No. 2 
Table 1. Seasonal and vertical distribution of Fulgoroidea collected in window traps at the 
black walnut plantation, McDowell Co., North Carolina. 
- -  - - -- - -- 
Collection 
Number of Trap heights dates 
specimens (m) (daylmonth) 
ACANALONIIDAE 
Acanaloniu bivittata (Say)a 
A. conica (Say)a 
ACHILIDAE 
Catonia bicinctura Van Duzee 
C. nava (Say) 
C. picta Van Duzee 
C. pumila Van Duzee 
Epiptera pallida (Say) 
Synecdoche impunctata (Fitch) 
CIXIIDAE 
Cixius sp. 
Myndus pictifrons ( ~ t a )  
Oecleus borealis Van Duzee 
Oliarus aridus Ball 
0. ecologus Caldwell 
0. quinquelineatus (Say) 
DELPHACIDAE 
Delphacodes campestris (Van Duzee) 
D. lutulenta (Van Duzee) 
D. puella (Van Duzee) 
D. recurvata Beamer 
D. rotundata (Crawford) 
Liburniella ornata (~ tg l ) a  
Megamelus ungulatus Beamer 
Pissonotus brunneus Van Duzee 
Stobaera tricarinata (Say) 
DERBIDAE 
Cedusa sp. 
Syntames uhleri (Ball)a 
DICTY OPHARIDAE 
Scolops angustatus Uhler 
S.  pungens (Germar) 
S.  sulcipes (Say) 
FLATIDAE 
Anormenis septentrionalis (Spinola)a 
Metcalfa pruinosa (Say)a 
Ormenoides venusta (Melichar)a 
ISSIDAE 
Bruchotnorpha oculata Newman 
B. tristis st21 
Tlzionia simplex (Germar)a 
"Reported feeding on black walnut in Illinois (Nixon and McPherson 1977). 
b ~ a l e  specimens only. 
2
The Great Lakes Entomologist, Vol. 14, No. 2 [1981], Art. 1
https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol14/iss2/1
1981 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST 73 
were recorded feeding on walnut by Nixon and McPherson (1977). Most of the species listed 
(Table 1) are often collected in meadow habitats and are probably not directly associated 
with black walnut (O'Brien. pen.  comm.). 
The number of specimens collected of each species ranged from one to 38. Twenty-four 
species (ca. 707~)  were represented by five or fewer specimens. This may reflect restricted 
habitat requirements. few available host plants, incidental occurrence, or the general rarity 
of a species. On the other hand, window traps may not be an efficient collecting method for 
some species of planthoppers. We cannot determine patterns for height and seasonal distri- 
butions for most species owing to the small number of specimens, but for four species, 
represented by 25 or more specimens, we examined height and seasonal distributions in 
further detail. 
Acanalonia conica (Say) adults were collected from mid-July to early October with peak 
abundance during early September (Fig. 1). This corresponds with the seasonal distribution 
of adults in southern Illinois (Wilson 1980). The eggs of A. conica hatch in early May; adults 
appear in early July; and females lay eggs from late summer to early fall. 
Over 75% of A.  conica adults were collected at 2 m or lower (Fig. 5). This may reflect 
their feeding preferences for low woody and herbaceous vegetation (Wilson 1980), including 
immature black walnut (Nixon and McPherson 1977). 
Oliarus ecologus (CaldweU) adults were collected from early June to late August with 
peak abundance in late June (Fig. 2). Little information is available on the life history of this 
species. Based on the observations of other Oliarus species, Mead (1968) speculated that 0 
ecologus feeds on roots as nymphs, is univoltine, and overwinters as nymphs underground. 
The range of collecting dates of adults (Fig. 2) appears to support Mead's suggestion that this 
species is univoltine. 
0. ecologus adults were collected from 1 to 6 m with 65% collected at 1 m (Fig. 6). The 
only recorded host plant for adults is Lespedeza cuneata Don (Mead 1x8). 
0. quinquelineatus (Say) adults were collected from midJune to mid-September with 
peak abundance in August (Fig. 3). Sheppard et al. (1979) noted that nymphs overwinter 
underground in masses of pine and saw palmetto roots in Florida. 
V) 
' 8 0  P 2 60 
- 
040 
" 
; 20 
CE 
J N A L A L G S P O C T  XIN JUL AUG SEP OCT 
J N a A L L C i s O C T  JW U AUG SEP OCT 
F i p .  1 4 .  Qasad cfka-i&ho~~ {percent ikquenc) biweekly) of planthopper adults col- 
lected in m-indor traps in a Sonh Carolina black walnut plantation during 1977-1978: (1) 
.-IcanniCUrra conira. 12) O h n u  ecolo_pu. (31 0. quinquelineatus, ( 4 )  Liburniella ornata. 
3
Weber and Wilson: Seasonal and Vertical Distributions of Planthoppers (Homoptera: F
Published by ValpoScholar, 1981
74 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 14, No. 2 
1 2 3 4 5 6 7  
Trap Ht. (rn) 
1 2 3 4 5 6 7  
Trap Ht. (rn) 
1 2 3 4 5 6 7  
Trap Ht. (rn) 
1 2 3 4 5 6 7  
Trap Ht. (rn) 
Figs. 5 4 .  Vertical distribution (percent frequency) of planthopper adults collected in win- 
dow traps in a North Carolina black walnut plantation during 1977-1978: (5) Acanalonia 
conica, (6) Oliarus ecologus, (7) 0. quinquelineatus, (8) Liburniella ornata. 
0. quinquelineatus adults were collected from 1 to 6 m (Fig. 7). This species has been 
collected on Pinus rigida (Miller), P.  uirginiana (Miller), and under the bark of Quercus 
ellipsoidulis Hill (Mead 1968). 
Liburniella ornata (st:]) adults were collected in June and from September to mid- 
October with peak abundance in early October (Fig. 4). Glick (1939) also reported that this 
speices is abundant in late summer. 
L .  ornata adults were collected at all heights in approximately equal numbers (Fig. 8). We 
have often collected this species by sweeping grasses and low vegetation. On the other hand, 
Glick (1939), using airplane traps, collected L.  ornata at altitudes up to 4,400 meters. 
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 
We thank the following: D. Brenneman and the staff of the North Carolina Division of 
Forestry for their help in collecting specimens and obtaining field data; R. H. Mohlenbrock, 
Department of Botany, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, for identifying the plants; 
L. O'Brien, Department of Entomology, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, T. R. 
Yonke, Department of Entomology, University of Missouri, Columbia, and R. C. Schles- 
inger, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, Carbondale, for their helpful reviews of the manu- 
script. 
LITERATURE CITED 
Blair, L .  M., and W. H. Kearby. 1979. The black walnut curculio and its impact on nut 
production. p. 51-54, in Walnut insects and diseases. Workshop Proc. USDA For. Serv., 
Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-52. 
Brimley, C. S. 1938. The insects of North Carolina. North CarolinaDept. Agric., Raleigh. 
4
The Great Lakes Entomologist, Vol. 14, No. 2 [1981], Art. 1
https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol14/iss2/1
1981 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST 75 
. 1942. Supplement to insects of North Carolina. North Carolina Dept. Agric.. 
Raleigh. 
Chapman, J. A,,  and J. M. Kinghorn. 1955. Window night traps for insects. Canadian 
Entomol. 87: 137-139. 
Glick, P. A. 1939. The distribution of insects, spiders. and mites in the air. USDA Tech. 
Bull. 673: 1-150. 
Kearby, W. H. 1975. Insects that affect the growth and form of black walnut in a multicrop 
system. North. Nut Grow. Assoc. Annu. Rep. 66:11%127. 
Mead, F. W. 1%8. A revision of the genus Oliarus in North America, north of Mexico 
(Homoptera: Cixiidae). Ph.D. thesis. North Carolina State Univ. 
Nixon, P. L., and J. E. McPherson. 1977. An annotated list of phytophagous insects col- 
lected on immature black walnut trees in southern Illinois. Great Lakes Entomol. 10:211- 
222. 
Sheppard, C., P. B. Martin, and F. W. Mead. 1979. A planthopper (Homoptera: Cixiidae) 
associated with red imported fire ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) mounds. J. Georgia 
Entomol. Soc. 14: 140-144. 
Wilson, S. W. 1980. The planthoppers, or Fulgoroidea, of Illlinois with information on the 
biology of selected species. Ph.D. thesis. Southern Illinois Univ., Carbondale. 
Wilson, S. W., and J. E. McPherson. 1979. A preliminary report on the bionomics of 
Fulgoroidea on black walnut with emphasis on Anormenis septentrionalis (Spinola) 
(Homoptera). p. 25-34, in Walnut insects and diseases. Workshop Proc. USDA For. 
Serv., Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-52. 
Wray, D. L .  1950. Insects of North Carolina second supplement. North Carolina Dept. 
Agric., Raleigh. 
5
Weber and Wilson: Seasonal and Vertical Distributions of Planthoppers (Homoptera: F
Published by ValpoScholar, 1981


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Seasonal and Vertical Distributions of Planthoppers (Homoptera: Fulgoroidea) Within a Black Walnut Plantation

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