The middle crown and south quadrant of 6-m-tall jack pines, Pinus banksiana Lamb., produced significantly more cones than the rest of the tree. The number of cones attacked by Eucosma monitorana Heinrich was also highest in the middle crown and south quadrant. Laspeyresia toreuta (Grote) attacked the most cones in the middle crown. A positive, linear correlation existed between the number of cones attacked by inseets and cone abundanee per tree, indicating a response of the insect population to inereased food supply

Benjamin, D M

Rauf, Aunu

English

ValpoScholar

The Great Lakes Entomologist 
Volume 16 
Number 4 - Winter 1983 Number 4 - Winter 
1983 
Article 16 
December 1983 
Spatial Distribution of Jack Pine Cones and Those Attacked by 
Insects 
Aunu Rauf 
Institut Pertanian Bogor 
D M. Benjamin 
University of Wisconsin 
Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle 
 Part of the Entomology Commons 
Recommended Citation 
Rauf, Aunu and Benjamin, D M. 1983. "Spatial Distribution of Jack Pine Cones and Those Attacked by 
Insects," The Great Lakes Entomologist, vol 16 (4) 
Available at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol16/iss4/16 
This Peer-Review Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Biology at ValpoScholar. 
It has been accepted for inclusion in The Great Lakes Entomologist by an authorized administrator of ValpoScholar. 
For more information, please contact a ValpoScholar staff member at scholar@valpo.edu. 
1983 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST 183 
SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF JACK PINE CONES AND THOSE 

ATTACKED BY INSECTS' 

Aunu Rauf and D. M. Benjamin3 
ABSTRACT 
The middle crown and south quadrant of 6-m-tall jack pines, Pinus banksiana Lamb., 
produced significantly more cones than the rest of the tree. The number of cones attacked 
by Eucosma monitorana Heinrich was also highest in the middle crown and south 
quadrant. Laspeyresia toreuta (Grote) attacked the most cones in the middle crown. A 
positive, linear correlation existed between the number of cones attacked by inseets and 
cone abundanee per tree, indicating a response of the insect population to inereased food 
supply. 
Insects pests commonly infesting and causing serious economic loss to econd-year 
cones of jack pine, Pinus banksiana Lamb., in Wisconsin include the following: a cone 
borer, Eucosma monitorana Heinrich; the eastern pine seedworm, Laspeyresia toreuta 
(Grotc); the webbing corieworm, Dioryctria disclusa Heinrich; the jack pine budworm, 
Choristoneura pinus pinus Freeman; a cone midge, Asynapta hopkins! (Felt); and the red 
pine cone beetle, Conophthorus resinosae Hopkins (Rauf et al. 1981). The spatial 
distribution and the relationship between attacks of the foregoing insects and cone 
abundance per tree are reported in the present paper. 
METHODS 
Fourteen jack pines were randomly selected in an open stand in the Little Rice area, 
Oneida County, Wisconsin, in late August 1980 after the inscct attacks had been 
completed. No additional attacks by L. ore uta were likely. The trecs were 5 to 6 m tall 
and 7 to 10 cm in dbh. Tree crowns were divided into lower, middle, and upper thirds. The 
crowns were also divided into north, west, south, and east quadrants with the aid of plastic 
ribbons radiating out from the base of the crown, along NE, SE, SW, and NW compass 
bearing (DeBarr et al 1975). Thus, each crown was divided into 12 cells. The cones were 
harvested with a pruner and placed in separate plastic bags according to their location on 
the crown. The number of undamaged cones and cones infested by specific insects were 
recorded in the laboratory. 
Analyses of variance were performed to test for differences in the distribution of cones 
and insect attacks among strata and quadrants. Duncan's New Multiple range test was 
applied to detenmne the statistical significant differences within strata and quadrants. A 
scatter diagram w s used to relate the distribution of insect attacks among trees to cone 
abundance. 
IResearch supported by the School of Natural Resources, College of Agricultural and Life 
Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison; the U.S. Forest Service, North Central Forest Experi­
ment Station, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, Rhinelander, Wisconsin Grant No. 13-696; the Indone­
sian Higher Agricultural Education Project, Midwest Universities Consortium for International 
Activities U.S. Agency for International Development. 
2Fakultas 
Pertanian, Institut Pertanian Bogor (IPB), Bogor, Indonesia. 
lDepartment of Entomology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706. 
1
Rauf and Benjamin: Spatial Distribution of Jack Pine Cones and Those Attacked by Ins
Published by ValpoScholar, 1983
184 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST VoL 16. No.4 
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 
The number of cones differed significantly (P < 0.01) among strata (Table 1). About 2 
to 
3 times more cones were produced in the middle crown than in the upper and lower 
crowns. Among cardinal directions, the south quadrant supported significantly 
(P < 0.05) 
more cones. The same distribution pattern was reported from other pines fHard 1964. 
DeBarr et al. 1975, Mattson 1979). 
The number of cones attacked by E. monitorana was significantly (P < 0.01) higher in 
the middle crown than in the upper and lower crown, and was significantly (P < 0.05) 
higher in the south quadrant. Attack by E. monitorana also tended to be higher in the 
middle crown of red pine (Barras and Norris 1969). Significantly (P < 0.01) higher 
numbers of cones attacked by L. tore uta were detected in the middle crown. but not 
among the quandrants. DeBarr et al. (I975) and Coyne (1968) also reported that 
Laspeyresia spp. did not favor any particular crown cardinal direction on southern pines. 
The number of cones damaged by the other insects (D. disclusa. A. hopkinsi. C. 
resinome. and C. pinus pinus) was significantly (P < 0.01) higher in the middle crown: no 
significant difference was detected among quadrants. In general, the distribution of cones 
attacked by insects follows the distributional pattern of the cones, i.e., the greatest number 
of cones attacked by insects occurred in those crown areas of highest cone concentration 
(Table 1). 
The number of cones per tree attacked by six insect species exhibited a significant I P < 
0.05) positive, linear relationship to cone abundance (Fig. 1). The correlation implies that 
52% of the variation in damage can be attributed to variation in cone abundance. 
Infestation percentage, however, was poorly (r -0.32) correlated with the number of
cones per tree. These data agree with the studies on other pines (Lyons 1957. :\ferkel et aI. 
1965, DeBarr and Barber 1975, Mattson 1976), and suggest that although the number of 
cones attacked by insects increased as the number of cones per tree increased. the percent 
infestation decreased slightly with the increasing cones. Therefore. higher number of 
undamaged cones can be collected from trees harbouring marc cones. 
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 
Technical assistance of Edmund 0. Bauer and William Schulstrom are greatly 
appreciated. 
Table 1. Spatial distribution of jack pine cones and frequency of insect infestations within the crown. 
Mean number of cones 
Items Cardinal direction Cmwn stratum 
N W S E Lower Middle 
Second-year cone 121.50a l 122.07a 194.G7b 121.36a l00.29a 290.00b 168.71c 
Attacked by: 
E. monitorana 15.14a 16.86a 33.29b 16.86a 21.43a 45.29b 15.42a 
L. toreufa 27.50a 27.64a 39.86a 29.64a 20.14a 67.21b 37.29c 
Other insects2 5.71a 7.79a 9.29a 7.29a 6.14a 17.21b 6.71a 
IWithin a row in each box, values followed by different letters are significantly different according to 

Duncan's New Multiple Range test, ex = 0.05 or 0.01. 

2D. disclusa, C, resinosae. A. hopkinsi, C. pinu  pinus. 

2
The Great Lakes Entomologist, Vol. 16, No. 4 [1983], Art. 16
https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol16/iss4/16
1983 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST 185 
W 
w 700 
a::: 
I-­ r= 0.72 x600 
a::: 
w 
CL 500 x 
(fJ 
w 400
z 
0 
xu 300 

0 
 X X X Xw 200 ~ XX XX 

eI: 

U 
X 
I-- 100 ~ 
I-­
eI: 

00 200 400 600 800 1000 12001400 
0 
z NO. CONES PER TREE 
Fig. I. Number of cones per tree attacked by six insect species in relationship to total cones available 
per tree. 
LITERATURE CITED 
Barras, S. 1. and D. M. Norris. 1969. Bionomics of Eucosma monitorana (Lepidoptera: 
Tortricidae) attacking red pine cones in Wisconsin. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 
62:1284-1290. 
Coyne, 1. F. 1968. Laspeyresia ingens, a seedworm infesting cones of longleaf pine. Ann. 
Entomol. Soc. Amer. 61: 1116-1122. 
DeBarr, G. L. and L. R. Barber. 1975. Mortality factors reducing the 1967-1969 slash 
pine seed crop in Baker County, Florida - A life table approach. USDA For. Servo Res. 
Pap. 
SE-131. 
16 p. 
DeBarr, G. L., L. R. Barber, and R. C. Wilkinson. 1975. Within-crown distribution of 
cone and seed insect damage to slash pine flowers, conelets, and cones. Florida 
Entomol. 58:281-288. 
Hard, 1. S. 1964. Vertical distribution of cones in red pine. USDA For. Servo Res. Note 
LS-51. 2 p. 
Lyons, L. A. 1957. Insects affecting seed production in red pine. IV. Recognition and 
extent of damage to cones. Canadian Entomol. 89:264-271. 
Mattson. W. 1. 1976. Distribution of the cone insect, Dioryctria disclusa, in red pine 
trees. USDA For. Servo Res. Pap. NC-136. 7 p. 
. 1979. Red pine cones: distribution within trees and methods for sampling. 
Canadian 1. For. Res. 9:257-262. 
Merkel, E. P., A. E. Squillace, and G. W. Bengtson. 1965. Evidence of inherent 
resistance to Dioryctria infestation in slash pine. 96-99. in Proc. 8th South For. Tree 
Improv. Conf., June 16-17, Savannah, GA. 
Rauf, A., R. A. Cecich, and D. M. Benjamin. 1981. Life table evaluation of conelet and 
cone mortality for jack pine in Wisconsin. 166-175. in Proc. 2nd North Centro For. Tree 
Improv. Conf., August 4-5, Lincoln, NE. 
3
Rauf and Benjamin: Spatial Distribution of Jack Pine Cones and Those Attacked by Ins
Published by ValpoScholar, 1983


Spatial Distribution of Jack Pine Cones and Those Attacked by Insects

Valparaiso University

The Great Lakes Entomologist Volume 16 Number 4 - Winter 1983 Number 4 - Winter 1983 Article 16 December 1983 Spatial Distribution of Jack Pine Cones and Those Attacked by Insects Aunu Rauf Institut Pertanian Bogor D M. Benjamin University of Wisconsin Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle  Part of the Entomology Commons Recommended Citation Rauf, Aunu and Benjamin, D M. 1983. "Spatial Distribution of Jack Pine Cones and Those Attacked by Insects," The Great Lakes Entomologist, vol 16 (4) Available at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol16/iss4/16 This Peer-Review Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Biology at ValpoScholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in The Great Lakes Entomologist by an authorized administrator of ValpoScholar. For more information, please contact a ValpoScholar staff member at scholar@valpo.edu. 1983 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST 183 SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF JACK PINE CONES AND THOSE ATTACKED BY INSECTS' Aunu Rauf and D. M. Benjamin3 ABSTRACT The middle crown and south quadrant of 6-m-tall jack pines, Pinus banksiana Lamb., produced significantly more cones than the rest of the tree. The number of cones attacked by Eucosma monitorana Heinrich was also highest in the middle crown and south quadrant. Laspeyresia toreuta (Grote) attacked the most cones in the middle crown. A positive, linear correlation existed between the number of cones attacked by inseets and cone abundanee per tree, indicating a response of the insect population to inereased food supply. Insects pests commonly infesting and causing serious economic loss to econd-year cones of jack pine, Pinus banksiana Lamb., in Wisconsin include the following: a cone borer, Eucosma monitorana Heinrich; the eastern pine seedworm, Laspeyresia toreuta (Grotc); the webbing corieworm, Dioryctria disclusa Heinrich; the jack pine budworm, Choristoneura pinus pinus Freeman; a cone midge, Asynapta hopkins! (Felt); and the red pine cone beetle, Conophthorus resinosae Hopkins (Rauf et al. 1981). The spatial distribution and the relationship between attacks of the foregoing insects and cone abundance per tree are reported in the present paper. METHODS Fourteen jack pines were randomly selected in an open stand in the Little Rice area, Oneida County, Wisconsin, in late August 1980 after the inscct attacks had been completed. No additional attacks by L. ore uta were likely. The trecs were 5 to 6 m tall and 7 to 10 cm in dbh. Tree crowns were divided into lower, middle, and upper thirds. The crowns were also divided into north, west, south, and east quadrants with the aid of plastic ribbons radiating out from the base of the crown, along NE, SE, SW, and NW compass bearing (DeBarr et al 1975). Thus, each crown was divided into 12 cells. The cones were harvested with a pruner and placed in separate plastic bags according to their location on the crown. The number of undamaged cones and cones infested by specific insects were recorded in the laboratory. Analyses of variance were performed to test for differences in the distribution of cones and insect attacks among strata and quadrants. Duncan's New Multiple range test was applied to detenmne the statistical significant differences within strata and quadrants. A scatter diagram w s used to relate the distribution of insect attacks among trees to cone abundance. IResearch supported by the School of Natural Resources, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison; the U.S. Forest Service, North Central Forest Experi­ment Station, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, Rhinelander, Wisconsin Grant No. 13-696; the Indone­sian Higher Agricultural Education Project, Midwest Universities Consortium for International Activities U.S. Agency for International Development. 2Fakultas Pertanian, Institut Pertanian Bogor (IPB), Bogor, Indonesia. lDepartment of Entomology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706. 1Rauf and Benjamin: Spatial Distribution of Jack Pine Cones and Those Attacked by InsPublished by ValpoScholar, 1983184 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST VoL 16. No.4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The number of cones differed significantly (P < 0.01) among strata (Table 1). About 2 to 3 times more cones were produced in the middle crown than in the upper and lower crowns. Among cardinal directions, the south quadrant supported significantly (P < 0.05) more cones. The same distribution pattern was reported from other pines fHard 1964. DeBarr et al. 1975, Mattson 1979). The number of cones attacked by E. monitorana was significantly (P < 0.01) higher in the middle crown than in the upper and lower crown, and was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the south quadrant. Attack by E. monitorana also tended to be higher in the middle crown of red pine (Barras and Norris 1969). Significantly (P < 0.01) higher numbers of cones attacked by L. tore uta were detected in the middle crown. but not among the quandrants. DeBarr et al. (I975) and Coyne (1968) also reported that Laspeyresia spp. did not favor any particular crown cardinal direction on southern pines. The number of cones damaged by the other insects (D. disclusa. A. hopkinsi. C. resinome. and C. pinus pinus) was significantly (P < 0.01) higher in the middle crown: no significant difference was detected among quadrants. In general, the distribution of cones attacked by insects follows the distributional pattern of the cones, i.e., the greatest number of cones attacked by insects occurred in those crown areas of highest cone concentration (Table 1). The number of cones per tree attacked by six insect species exhibited a significant I P < 0.05) positive, linear relationship to cone abundance (Fig. 1). The correlation implies that 52% of the variation in damage can be attributed to variation in cone abundance. Infestation percentage, however, was poorly (r -0.32) correlated with the number ofcones per tree. These data agree with the studies on other pines (Lyons 1957. :\ferkel et aI. 1965, DeBarr and Barber 1975, Mattson 1976), and suggest that although the number of cones attacked by insects increased as the number of cones per tree increased. the percent infestation decreased slightly with the increasing cones. Therefore. higher number of undamaged cones can be collected from trees harbouring marc cones. ACKNOWLEDGMENT Technical assistance of Edmund 0. Bauer and William Schulstrom are greatly appreciated. Table 1. Spatial distribution of jack pine cones and frequency of insect infestations within the crown. Mean number of cones Items Cardinal direction Cmwn stratum N W S E Lower Middle Second-year cone 121.50a l 122.07a 194.G7b 121.36a l00.29a 290.00b 168.71c Attacked by: E. monitorana 15.14a 16.86a 33.29b 16.86a 21.43a 45.29b 15.42a L. toreufa 27.50a 27.64a 39.86a 29.64a 20.14a 67.21b 37.29c Other insects2 5.71a 7.79a 9.29a 7.29a 6.14a 17.21b 6.71a IWithin a row in each box, values followed by different letters are significantly different according to Duncan's New Multiple Range test, ex = 0.05 or 0.01. 2D. disclusa, C, resinosae. A. hopkinsi, C. pinu  pinus. 2The Great Lakes Entomologist, Vol. 16, No. 4 [1983], Art. 16https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol16/iss4/161983 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST 185 W w 700 a::: I-­ r= 0.72 x600 a::: w CL 500 x (fJ w 400z 0 xu 300 0  X X X Xw 200 ~ XX XX eI: U X I-- 100 ~ I-­eI: 00 200 400 600 800 1000 12001400 0 z NO. CONES PER TREE Fig. I. Number of cones per tree attacked by six insect species in relationship to total cones available per tree. LITERATURE CITED Barras, S. 1. and D. M. Norris. 1969. Bionomics of Eucosma monitorana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) attacking red pine cones in Wisconsin. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 62:1284-1290. Coyne, 1. F. 1968. Laspeyresia ingens, a seedworm infesting cones of longleaf pine. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 61: 1116-1122. DeBarr, G. L. and L. R. Barber. 1975. Mortality factors reducing the 1967-1969 slash pine seed crop in Baker County, Florida - A life table approach. USDA For. Servo Res. Pap. SE-131. 16 p. DeBarr, G. L., L. R. Barber, and R. C. Wilkinson. 1975. Within-crown distribution of cone and seed insect damage to slash pine flowers, conelets, and cones. Florida Entomol. 58:281-288. Hard, 1. S. 1964. Vertical distribution of cones in red pine. USDA For. Servo Res. Note LS-51. 2 p. Lyons, L. A. 1957. Insects affecting seed production in red pine. IV. Recognition and extent of damage to cones. Canadian Entomol. 89:264-271. Mattson. W. 1. 1976. Distribution of the cone insect, Dioryctria disclusa, in red pine trees. USDA For. Servo Res. Pap. NC-136. 7 p. . 1979. Red pine cones: distribution within trees and methods for sampling. Canadian 1. For. Res. 9:257-262. Merkel, E. P., A. E. Squillace, and G. W. Bengtson. 1965. Evidence of inherent resistance to Dioryctria infestation in slash pine. 96-99. in Proc. 8th South For. Tree Improv. Conf., June 16-17, Savannah, GA. Rauf, A., R. A. Cecich, and D. M. Benjamin. 1981. Life table evaluation of conelet and cone mortality for jack pine in Wisconsin. 166-175. in Proc. 2nd North Centro For. Tree Improv. Conf., August 4-5, Lincoln, NE. 3Rauf and Benjamin: Spatial Distribution of Jack Pine Cones and Those Attacked by InsPublished by ValpoScholar, 1983

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Spatial Distribution of Jack Pine Cones and Those Attacked by Insects

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